Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ECVIM - Ca > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the reported overall survival time for tonsillar carcinomas in dogs, all treatment modalities combined (surgery, chemotherapy (conventional, tyrosine kinase inhibitors or metronomic chemotherapy), radiotherapy, nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or a combination of these) ?

A

Overall survival time was 126 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 88-164). Significantly longer survival was seen in dogs without evidence of metastatic disease (median survival time, 381 days; 95% CI, 116-646).

Ref : JVIM dec 2023, Treggiari, Tonsillar carcinoma in dogs: Treatment outcome and potential prognostic factors in 123 cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Between primary tonsillar carcinoma and non-tonsillar oral carcinomas in dogs, which one has the higher potential for local metastatic disease ?

A

Primary tonsillar carcinoma is reported rarely in dogs when compared to non-tonsillar oral carcinomas and has a higher potential for local metastatic disease (up to 73%), when compared to oral carcinomas in other locations. Metastatic disease usually involves regional lymph nodes (mandibular, retropharyngeal, cervical) and lungs.

Ref : Mas A, Blackwood L, Cripps P, et al. Canine tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma—a multi-centre retrospective review of 44 clinical cases. J Small Anim Pract. 2011;52:359-364.

JVIM dec 2023, Treggiari, Tonsillar carcinoma in dogs: Treatment outcome and potential prognostic factors in 123 cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which factors are positive prognostic factors for dogs with primary tonsillar carcinoma ?

A

Absence of metastatic disease, absence of clinicals signs at presentation, surgery (tonsillectomy), use of adjuvant chemotherapy and use of NSAIDs.

Ref : JVIM dec 2023, Treggiari, Tonsillar carcinoma in dogs: Treatment outcome and potential prognostic factors in 123 cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the use of telomerase in cancer (and germinal) cells?

A

It allows replication of telomeres and increase lifespan of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the purpose of mesna administration with cyclophosphamide?

A

Reduce risks of cystitis (binding in the urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the purpose of the administration of dexrazoxane with Doxorubicin?

A

Reduce cardiotoxicity and lesions after extravasation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between overal response rate and clinical benefit?

A

Clinical benefit also includes stable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or false: cross resistance in chemotherapy does not occur with alkylating agents?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or false: definitive intent RT protocols usually consist of large number or low dose fractions with more acute side effects and less late side effects

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false: palliative intent RT protocols usually consist of small number of high dose fractions with less acute side effects and more late side effects

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does radiation interact with tissue?

A

A photon removes an orbiting electron from an atome (ionization) and a second photon is emitted from this action. The electron and secondary photon can interact with the tissue. The electrons emitted damage the tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or false: low energy X-ray (such as brachytherapy) deposit the energy at or just below the skin surface

A

True (and high energy deposit most at greater depth - “skin sparing”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4R that determine response to RT?

A

Repair (intensity of damage)
Redistribution (G1 and mid-S phase cells are more resistant, cells are redistributed into synchron phases)
Repopulation (cellular division)
Reoxygenation (O2 increases RT damages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Of what is predominantly dependent acute toxicity after RT?

A

The total dose of radiation (higher dose, higher risk) but also shorter time of administration and higher fraction size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of tissue is mainly affected by acute toxicity of RT? And late toxicity?

A

Acute: rapidly renewing tissue
Late: slowly proliferating tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

On what depends the likelihood of late toxicity or RT?

A

The fraction size (the higher, the higher the risk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Do dogs who have Mast cell tumor with KIT mutation respond better to TKI treatment ?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Almost all myelosuppressive chemotherapeutics have a nadir at 6-8 days, except 2 molecules, which ones?

A

Lomustine in cats: 7-28 days
Carboplatine: 14 days in dogs, 25 days in cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or false: coadministration of l-asparaginase and vincristine may result in more severe neutropenia

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

To which chemotherapeutics MDR-1 dogs are more susceptible?

A

Vincristine, vinblastine, Doxorubicin…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which chemotherapeutics more frequently produce thrombocytopenia?

A

Carboplatine, lomustine, Doxorubicin, melphalan…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What chemotherapeutics extravasation cause the more damage?

A

Vincristine, vinblastine, doxorubicine…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

True or false: Vincristine via a neurotoxic effect may induce iléus in dogs and cats

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the impact of liposomal form of Doxorubicin?

A

Reduced cardiotoxicity but new dermatologic toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

True or false: vincristine is mainly eliminated via biliary excretion and should be avoided or dose reduced in case of marked cholestasis

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True or false: Vincristine risks to be more neurotoxic in case of MDR-1 dogs

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is acrolein?

A

An inactive metabolite of cyclophosphamide that is a direct urothelial irritant

28
Q

What can reduce cystitis secondary to cyclophosphamide ?

A

Mesna or furosemide administration

29
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction may be seen with l-asparaginase? And Doxorubicin?

A

L-asparaginase : type I (IgE)
Doxorubicin: histamine release from mast cells with rapid administration (non IgE)

30
Q

Why is cisplatin contraindicated in cats?

A

Fatal pulmonary edema

31
Q

What may result from high cumulative doses of lomustine in cats?

A

Pulmonary hypertension and fibrosis

32
Q

True or false: CSF cytology is more useful for the diagnosis of CNS lymphoma in dogs than in cats

A

True due to the extradural form preponderance in cats

33
Q

In cats suspected of CNS lymphoma what other 2 sites are frequently involved?

A

Kidneys and bone marrow

34
Q

What chemotherapeutics may act on a CNS lymphoma?

A

L-asparaginase, cytosine arabinoside and corticosteroids

35
Q

Name prognostic factors of lymphoma in dogs

A

Immunophenotype, clinical substage, histopathology, anemia, corticosteroid treatment, cranial mediastinal lymphadenopathy

36
Q

True or false: approximately 10% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are aleukemic leukemia (absence of peripheral circulation)

A

True

37
Q

Of leukemia and lymphoma, which one should be CD34+

A

Leukemia

38
Q

Name myeloma related disorders (4)

A

Multiple myeloma
Extramedullary plasmacytoma
IgM macroglobulinemia (Waldenstrom)
Ig secreting lymphoma/leukemia

39
Q

True or false: in myeloma related disorders, hyper viscosity syndrome is more frequent with IgM macroglobulinemia

A

True, due to its high molecular weight

40
Q

What is the diagnosis of multiple myeloma?

A

Bone marrow plasmacytosis, M-component in the urine or blood and bone/visceral lesion (if the last is absent, progressive increase in M-component should be assessed)

41
Q

What is the predominant M-component in multiple myeloma in dogs? And in cats?

A

Dogs: IgA (and IgG)
Cats: IgG

42
Q

What are two main forms of papilloma associated with age in dogs?

A

Cutaneous form in older dogs
Oral papillomatosis in young or immunocompromised dogs

43
Q

In what tumor may rarely progress papilloma in dogs?

A

Carcinoma

44
Q

To what might be viral papillomas precursors in cats?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

45
Q

To what tumor, sun damage may be a predisposition in dogs and cats?

A

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

46
Q

What is Bowen disease in cats?

A

Multicentric in situ SCC, might be due to papillomavirus

47
Q

What is generally the behaviour of melanoma from a mucocutaneous junction? And haired skin?

A

Mucocutaneous: malignant (including digital)
Haired skin: benign

48
Q

True or false: It is difficult to predict the biological behaviour of melanoma in cats based on the mitotic index

A

True

49
Q

What is the target of the vaccine against melanoma in dogs?

A

Tyrosinase, an enzyme necessary for the synthesis of melanin

50
Q

What are the IHC markers of GIST?

A

GIST: KIT +, DOG1 +, vimentin +
Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma: desmin or SMA +

51
Q

True or false: chronic UV light exposure has been associated with dermal hemangiosarcoma along the ventral abdomen or conjunctive

A

True

52
Q

Does sterilisation have an impact on hemangiosarcoma in dogs?

A

Yes, female neutered seem overrepresented

53
Q

What biomarker may be useful for hemangiosarcoma?

A

Collagène XXVII

54
Q

What are the two most common sites of osteosarcoma in dogs?

A

Proximal humerus and distal radius

55
Q

What are the two main localisation of feline osteosarcoma?

A

Proximal humerus and digits

56
Q

Brachycephalic breeds are predisposed to high grade or low grade mastocytomas ?

A

Low grade

57
Q

What coloration and what marker may be useful to see mast cells?

A

Toluidine blue and CD117

58
Q

What diseases are associated with Langerhans cells?

A

Histiocytoma,
Cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis (dog)
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (cats

59
Q

What influences the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages ? And dendritic cells?

A

M-CSF –> Macrophages
GM-CSF –> dendritic cells etc ..

60
Q

What are the cell markers of Langerhans cells?

A

E-cadherin, CD1a, CD11c/CD18

61
Q

What are the diseases associated with dendritic cells?

A

Cutaneous and systemic histiocytosis, histiocytic sarcoma and feline progressive histiocytosis

62
Q

What are the cell markers of dendritic cells?

A

CD1a, CD11c/CD18 and for reactive histiocytosis CD4 and CD90

63
Q

What are the cells of hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma and what are the markers?

A

Macrophages : faible CD1a et CD11d/CD18

64
Q

True or false: malignant mammary tumors are rare in dogs of <5 years old

A

True

65
Q

True or false: obesity and high fat diets have been linked to increased risk of mammary tumor in dogs

A

True (higher grade and diagnosed at younger age)

66
Q

What are inflammatory mammary carcinomas?

A

Rapidly growing tumors with signs of pain, inflammation +/- edema of extremities with a bad prognosis (surgery is not indicated in this case)

67
Q

What are the three “stop” codon?

A

TAG, TGA, TAA

ECVIM - Ca (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions