Urology Flashcards by Hannah Hutchison

mnemonic anion gap met acidosis

MUDPILERS

methanol
uremia
DKA/alcoholic KA
Propylene glycol
Isoniazid,infection
lactic acidosis
ethylene glycol
rhabdo/renal failure
salicylates

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mnemonic non-gap metabolic acidosis

HARDUPS
hyperalimentation
acetazolamide
renal tubular acidosis
diarrhea
uretero-pelvic shunt
post-hypocapnia
spironolactone

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mnemonic acute respiratory acidosis

CHAMPP
CNS depression (drugs, CVA)
hemo/pneumothorax
airway obstruction
myopathy
pneumonia
pulmonary edema

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mnemonic metabolic alkalosis

CLEVER PD
contraction
licorice
endo (cushings, conns)
vomiting
excess alkali
refeeding alkalosis
post-hypercapnia
diuretics

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mnemonic respiratory alkalosis

CHAMPS
CNS disease
hypoxia
anxiety
mech ventilators
progesterone
salicylates/sepsis

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normal value pH

7.35-7.45

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normal value PCO2

35-45

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normal value HCO3-

22-26

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findings for acute tubular necrosis

muddy brown casts

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findings for acute interstitial nephritis

WBC and white cell casts

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tx for cystitis

nitrofurantoin
TMP-SMX
fosfomycin

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MCC orchitis

mumps (viral)

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tx for epididymitis and prostatitis

< 35 - doxy + cef
(can use azithromycin instead of doxy)

> 35 - fluoroquinolone

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What is priapism

prolonged erection lasting longer than 4 hours without sexual stimulation

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what can be used to distinguish between ischemic and non-ischemic priapism

penile blood gas

Ischemic priapism will have a blood gas with pH < 7.25, pCO2 > 60 mm Hg, and pO2 < 40 mm Hg

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tx ischemic priapism

corporal aspiration with intracavernosal phenylephrine

if does not work –> surgical shunting performed by urologist

tx for nonischemic priapism

observation

assuming pH > 7.3 (normal)

tx nephrolithasis

< 5 mm - fluids and analgesics (NSAIDS)

> /=5 mm - tamsulosin; lithotripsy

> /=10 mm - nephrolithotomy

MC type of kidney stone

calcium oxalate

most common cause of acute urinary retention in men

BPH

poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is caused by

immune complex deposition in the kidney

what infection can cause post strep GMN

beta-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes, typically involving the pharynx or skin

two most common serologic markers used to diagnose post strep GMN

antistreptolysin O or anti-DNAse B titers

UA for post strep GMN

red blood cell casts and proteinuria

labs post strep GMN

decreased C3 levels

tx post strep GMN

supportive

BUN and creatinine ratios of <10:1 are suggestive of an

intrinsic renal problem (tubular, interstitial, or glomerular injuries)

BUN and creatinine ratios of 10-20:1 are suggestive of

post-renal pathology due to obstruction of flow (neurogenic bladder, mass, stricture, prostate enlargement)

BUN/Creatinine ratio of > 20:1 is suggestive of

Prerenal causes of renal failure (cardiogenic shock, hemorrhage, sepsis) --> decreased renal perfusion

dx kidney stone

UA - may show pH < 5; blood Noncontrast CT of abdomen and pelvis KUB XR can show calcium and struvite stones

How much water should a patient with a detected kidney stone drink within the first 24 hours?

Balanitis has a wide range of causes but is most related to

inadequate hygiene in uncircumcised men

MC infectious cause of balanitis

candidiasis

tx balanitis due to candidiasis

topical clotrimazole

Sx in UTI vs pyelonephritis

UTIs - limited to the genitourinary system and include dysuria, urgency, frequency, hematuria, and suprapubic abdominal pain pyelonephritis - constitutional symptoms such as fever, vomiting, and malaise and may also have back and flank pain

tx pyelonephritis

Fluoroquinolones Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins