Urology Flashcards
Post radiotherpay, what type and where are strictures most likely to occur ?
Bulbous membranous portion of the urethra - just posterior to the apex of the prostate, causing a smooth long strcitures
what type of stricture does gonorrhea cause
long, irregular stricture of the distal bulbous urethra.
what scoring system is used for active surveillience of prostate cancer ?
PRECISE
what might granulomatous protatitis occur from ?
Post bladder cancer treatment with BCG
Post sarcoid or TB.
What does a DSMA scan look at
Static image, looking at morphology and structure. Used in paediatric imaging to look at the renal cortex
what type of study is a MAG3 study
Dynamic study, imaged every 2 mins for 20 minutes. excreted by the kidneys, so looks at renal function.
what is a catopril venogram looking for ?
renal artery stenosis.
what is a renal vascular pedicle injury?
tearing or occlusion of the renal artery or vein , usually secondary to a decelleration injruy
what is medullary sponge kidney?
the collecting ducts become dysplastic and dilated, leading to urinary status - causing the formation of calculi.
what are the two most common organisms that would cause xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis ?
proteus mirabilis and e.coli
what is the treatment for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis ?
nephrectomy
what do patients with PCKD also usually have ?
hepatic cysts and saccular aneurysms
what is the difference in the type of cysts in recessive vs dominant PCKD ?
In recessive the cysts are small and innumerable.
Extra renally, what do patients usually develop in recessive PCKD ?
hepatic fibrosis
what may patients on lithium develop/
scattered uniform micro cysts
(the renal salts cause direct damage to the renal tubules, this results in progressive decline in renal function . This results in tubular atrophy, glomerulosclerosis, chronic interstitial nephritis, and distal tubular dilatation with microcyst formation)
which conditions predispose to RCC ?
Tuberus sclerosis
von hippel Lindau
Birt-hogg-dube
Hereditary papillary RCC
Sickel cell trait
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and rcc
what sign might indicate a renal AVM over a cancer?
Assymetrical enhancement of the renal vein due to shunting of venous blood
what is von hippel Lindau ?
AD multiorgan syndrome caused by mutation in the VHL tumour suppressor gene, results In cysts and neoplasms in multiple organs.
what is the primary renal manifestation of VHL?
bilateral, renal cell carcinoma - usually clear cell
what is the most common renal manifestation of Tuberus sclerosis ?
bilateral renal angiomyolipomas
what is the most common cardiac tumour in tuberus sclerosis?
rhabdomyoma
what lesions are seen in the lung in patients with tuberus sclerosis?
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)
resulting in cystic replacement of lung parenchyma
what type of cancer is associated with sickle cell trait ?
medullary renal carcinoma
in children which drug might cause medullarycalcinosis
furosemide
what is the most common cancer of the ureter ?
TCC
what type of cancer usually affects the uracus ?
adneocarcinoma
which conditions are associated with medullary sponge kidney ?
beck-width wideman syndrome
carolis disease
ehlers-danlos syndrome
what are the causes of nephrocalcinosis
Hyperparathyroidism
medullary sponge kidney
Renal tubular acidosis
renal papillary necrosis
sarcoidosis
What type of cancer is associated with bladder leukoplakia ?
Squamous cell carcinoma
what are some primary causes of ureteropelvic junction obstruction?
congenital peristaltic segment of ureter
High insertion of the ureter on the renal pelvis
crossing of vessels causing extrinsic compression
what is a ureterocele ?
focal dilatation of the distal ureter which protrudes into the bladder
what is an ectopic ureterocele ?
associated with duplication collection system - where the ectopic insertion to he upper pole ureter into the bladder