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ST2 Radiology > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

1
Q

Post radiotherpay, what type and where are strictures most likely to occur ?

A

Bulbous membranous portion of the urethra - just posterior to the apex of the prostate, causing a smooth long strcitures

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2
Q

what type of stricture does gonorrhea cause

A

long, irregular stricture of the distal bulbous urethra.

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3
Q

what scoring system is used for active surveillience of prostate cancer ?

A

PRECISE

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4
Q

what might granulomatous protatitis occur from ?

A

Post bladder cancer treatment with BCG
Post sarcoid or TB.

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5
Q

What does a DSMA scan look at

A

Static image, looking at morphology and structure. Used in paediatric imaging to look at the renal cortex

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6
Q

what type of study is a MAG3 study

A

Dynamic study, imaged every 2 mins for 20 minutes. excreted by the kidneys, so looks at renal function.

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7
Q

what is a catopril venogram looking for ?

A

renal artery stenosis.

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8
Q

what is a renal vascular pedicle injury?

A

tearing or occlusion of the renal artery or vein , usually secondary to a decelleration injruy

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9
Q

what is medullary sponge kidney?

A

the collecting ducts become dysplastic and dilated, leading to urinary status - causing the formation of calculi.

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10
Q

what are the two most common organisms that would cause xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis ?

A

proteus mirabilis and e.coli

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11
Q

what is the treatment for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis ?

A

nephrectomy

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12
Q

what do patients with PCKD also usually have ?

A

hepatic cysts and saccular aneurysms

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13
Q

what is the difference in the type of cysts in recessive vs dominant PCKD ?

A

In recessive the cysts are small and innumerable.

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14
Q

Extra renally, what do patients usually develop in recessive PCKD ?

A

hepatic fibrosis

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15
Q

what may patients on lithium develop/

A

scattered uniform micro cysts

(the renal salts cause direct damage to the renal tubules, this results in progressive decline in renal function . This results in tubular atrophy, glomerulosclerosis, chronic interstitial nephritis, and distal tubular dilatation with microcyst formation)

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16
Q

which conditions predispose to RCC ?

A

Tuberus sclerosis
von hippel Lindau
Birt-hogg-dube
Hereditary papillary RCC
Sickel cell trait
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and rcc

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17
Q

what sign might indicate a renal AVM over a cancer?

A

Assymetrical enhancement of the renal vein due to shunting of venous blood

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18
Q

what is von hippel Lindau ?

A

AD multiorgan syndrome caused by mutation in the VHL tumour suppressor gene, results In cysts and neoplasms in multiple organs.

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19
Q

what is the primary renal manifestation of VHL?

A

bilateral, renal cell carcinoma - usually clear cell

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20
Q

what is the most common renal manifestation of Tuberus sclerosis ?

A

bilateral renal angiomyolipomas

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21
Q

what is the most common cardiac tumour in tuberus sclerosis?

A

rhabdomyoma

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22
Q

what lesions are seen in the lung in patients with tuberus sclerosis?

A

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)

resulting in cystic replacement of lung parenchyma

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23
Q

what type of cancer is associated with sickle cell trait ?

A

medullary renal carcinoma

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24
Q

in children which drug might cause medullarycalcinosis

A

furosemide

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25
Q

what is the most common cancer of the ureter ?

A

TCC

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26
Q

what type of cancer usually affects the uracus ?

A

adneocarcinoma

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27
Q

which conditions are associated with medullary sponge kidney ?

A

beck-width wideman syndrome
carolis disease
ehlers-danlos syndrome

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28
Q

what are the causes of nephrocalcinosis

A

Hyperparathyroidism
medullary sponge kidney
Renal tubular acidosis
renal papillary necrosis
sarcoidosis

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29
Q

What type of cancer is associated with bladder leukoplakia ?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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30
Q

what are some primary causes of ureteropelvic junction obstruction?

A

congenital peristaltic segment of ureter
High insertion of the ureter on the renal pelvis
crossing of vessels causing extrinsic compression

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31
Q

what is a ureterocele ?

A

focal dilatation of the distal ureter which protrudes into the bladder

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32
Q

what is an ectopic ureterocele ?

A

associated with duplication collection system - where the ectopic insertion to he upper pole ureter into the bladder

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33
Q

what is a pseudoureterocele ?

A

intersusseption of the distal ureter into the bladder - usually due to radiation, tumour, or stone

34
Q

what is an orthotic ureterocele?

A

normally inserting ureter

35
Q

what type of bladder cancer is assoicated with a urachal remnant ?

A

adenocarcinoma

36
Q

where do gonoccoal infection strictures tend to occur in the urethra ?

A

bulbous

37
Q

where do straddle injures cause strictures in the urethra ?

A

bulbous urethrea

38
Q

what condition is seen with bilateral seminal vesicle genesis ?

A

cystic fibrosis

39
Q

post prostate biopsy - will normal or cancerous tissue be T1 hyperintesne ?

A

normal tissue will be t1 hyperintense due to citrate production which causes bleeding. Cancer tissue doesn’t produce citrate and therefore doesn’t bleed - known as the haemorrhage exclusion sign

40
Q

what assessment score is used in MRI for prostate cancer ?

A

PI-RADS

41
Q

which testitcular tumour will have a rise in AFP ?

A

embryonal tumours or yolk sac tumours in pads

42
Q

which testitcular tumour will have a raised HCG ?

A

Chroicarcinoma

43
Q

Where to testicular choriocarcinoma metastasis too ?

A

lungs and brain

44
Q

what are the most common metastasis to the testicles ?

A

leukaemia and lymphoma

45
Q

what is the most common type of testicular tumour ?

A

seminoma

46
Q

what is a burnt out germ cell tumour /

A

where the testicular tumour has outlived its blood supply and regressed, however there are metastasis seen usually retroperitonel

47
Q

what will a testicular epidermoid cyst look like and what is the treatment ?

A

alternative onion skin appearance. usually treated with local excision rather than orchidectomyu

48
Q

what extra-testicular symptoms might a leydig cell tumour of the testicle present with ?

A

gynaecomastia

49
Q

what is the lymphatic draining of the superior third of the vagina ?

A

external iliac nodes

50
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the middle 3rd of the vagina ?

A

internal iliac and sacral nodes

51
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the Lower 3rd of the vagina ?

A

superficail inguinal nodes

52
Q

where doe the skene ducts lie ?

A

next to the opening of the urethra

53
Q

where do the bartholin gland cysts lie ?

A

next to the opening of the vagina

54
Q

is the endometrial tissue in adenomyosis functioning or non-functioning

A

non-functioning

55
Q

on MRI what would a adenomyosis look like ?

A

diffuse thickening of the junctional zone >12mm often with multiple small T2 hyper intense foci

56
Q

what is a lipoleiomyoma ?

A

a fat containing fibroid in the uterus

57
Q

what might you see on US for an ovarian torsion ?

A

> 4cm
Peripherally based cysts
low flow to the ovary - ?necrosis

58
Q

what is Meigns syndrome

A

triad of benign ovarian fibroma, ascites and right pleural effusion

(Ovarian fibromas look like uterine fibromas - so have spindle cells which look chalky on cutting)

59
Q

what is the most common histological subtype of an ovarian tumour ?

A

surface epithelial tumours

60
Q

what is the classic ultrasound appearance of a dermoid cyst ?

A

rokitnasky nodule

61
Q

what is the definition of a teratoma

A

Contains all three primitive layers

62
Q

what MRI sequence will help determine between a teratoma and an endometrioma

A

fat suppression - loss of signal on the teratoma w

63
Q

what is a krukenberg tumour ?

A

ovarian metastasis of a mucin-producing tumour usually gastric or colon adenocarcinoma

64
Q

What are serous cysadeocarcinomas of the ovaries usually like ?

A

bilateral, mixed solid and cystic mass. the solid component will be avidly enhancing. usually ascites

65
Q

what are mutinous cystadenocarcinomas of the ovaries usually like ?

A

large, unilateral tumours in older people. mucin right T1 fluid

66
Q

in a pre-menopausal women , what size of ovarian cyst needs follow up ?

A

> 7cm

67
Q

in a post-menopausal women what size of ovarian cyst needs follow up ?

A

> 5cm

68
Q

what causes a follicular cyst ?

A

failed ovulation of the dominant follicle

69
Q

what causes a corpus luteal cyst ?

A

failure of involution of the corpus luteum

70
Q

what causes theca lutein cysts ?

A

raised HCG - so seen in trohoblastic pregnancy - such as molar pregnancies

71
Q

what is the blood supply to the ovary ?

A

dual blood supply ; ovarian artery from the aorta - lateral and the uterine artery from the internal iliac artery - medial

72
Q

what syndrome is adenoma malignum of the cervix associated with ?

A

peutz-jeghers syndrome

73
Q

what size of cervical mass should be investigated with an MRI ?

A

> 1.5cm

74
Q

what makes a cervical cancer in-operatble ?

A

if it extends into the cervical storm

75
Q

what is a DES uterus at increased risk of ?

A

clear cell vaginal cancer

76
Q

what might you see with adenomyomatosis on MRI ?

A

junctional zone > 12mm

77
Q

what is the criteria for diagnosing ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome ?

A

symmetrical spoke wheel enlargement of the ovaries >5cm and presence of ascites or hydrothorax.

78
Q

what is the triad associated with birt-hogg-dubbe

A

basal lung cysts, cutaenous lesiosn and renal cysts/cancer

79
Q

what is testicular microlithasis associated with ?

A

testicular germ cell tumour

80
Q

what testicualr lesions have an onion appearance with multiple rings of hyper and hypo echoic layers ?

A

epidermoid cysts

81
Q

which cancers metsastes to the testies ?

A

prostate
lung
kidney

82
Q

where do people with von-hippel Linda commonly develop cysts ?

A

kidneys, pancreas and GI tract

ST2 Radiology (13 decks)

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