Head and neck Flashcards
what is the most common type of brachial clef cysts ?
Type 2
where are brachial clef cysts type 2 arise from ?
angle of mandible, anterior to sternocleidomastoid.
extending between the internal and external carotid arteries
what commonly causes enlargement of a brachial clef cyst s?
comcominant infection - such as a respiratory infection
what type of epithelium are the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses lined with
schneiderian epithleium
the inferior meatus is the drainage pathway of which duct
the nasolacrimal duct
what does the osteiomeatal complex drain into
the middle meatus
what is a concha bullsoa
pneumatisation of a middle turbinate
what is the black turbinate sign
non enhancement of the nasal turbinates due to acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis
what is Potts puffy tumour
acute frontal sinusitis complicated with osteomyelitis and a subgaleal/subperiosteal abscess
what condition links chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis
cystic fibrosis
what is samters triad ?
NSAID exacerbated respiratory disease
Astama
sensitive to NSAIDS
nasal polyps
what is Gardner sydnrome
FAP
multiple osteomas
desmoid tumours
what is mc-cune Albright syndrom
polyostoci fibours dysplasia
endocrine hyperfunction
cafe au lait spots
what is mazabraud syndrome
polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and intramuscular myxomas
which nerve is most likely to be affected in adenoid cystic carcinoma ?
maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
what is intestinal type adenocarcinoma of the sinuses associated with
wood dust
what structures pass through the optic cancal
optic nerve
ophthalmic artery
what structures pass through the superior orbital fissure
CN 3,4,6 and V1 (ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve which provides sensory Information to the upper face0
superior ophalmic vein
superior branch of the inferior ophthalmic vein
what is the normal finding of carbon monoxide poisoning
T2 bright signal in the globes pallidus
what is the order of muscle involvement in the eye associated with graves disease ?
IM SLOW
Inferior
middle
superior
lateral
olbiques
which primary tumour can cause enopthalmos ?
breast cancer
in children what is the most common source of metasatesse to the orbits ?
neuroblastoma
what are patients with srogens syndrome at increased risk of developing
salavary gland lymphoma
what is heerfordt syndrome
pathognomic presentation of sarcoid with uveitis , parotitis and facial nerve palsy
where do first brachial cleft cysts arise ?
between the external auditory canal and the submandibular region
where do chordomas occur ?
sacro-coccyeal
sphenoid-clivis
vertebral body
what Is an anterochoanal polyp?
polyps that arise from the maxillary sinus and extend into the nasophranx.
They cause expansion of the sinus but don’t cause bony erosions
what is an inverted papilloma
a vascular tumour, usually arising from the lateral nasal wall, it extends in to the maxillary sinus and causes bony erosions
where does iodine - from a iodine 113 scan normally accumulate ?
the stomach and the salivary glands due to normal sodium-iodine transporters
the bladder and the liver due to normal excretion pathways
if a patient has an optic nerve glioma, what is there likely underlying condition
NF1
what type of contrast enhancement is seen with a cavernous haemangioma?
progressive filling in - can be seen as being more filled in with further sequences obtained
what causes bilateral symmetrical enlargement of the lacrimal glands ?
srogjesn and sarcoidosis
what space is lateral to the head of the malleus and incus on an axial view in the epitympanium
prussaks space
what is a cholesteatoma
matrix of stratisfied epithelium cells, releases a matrix that absorbes bone
where do cholesteatomas occur
prussaks space,
What is a gloms tympanum
benign glomus body tumour at the cochlear promontory (its where the nurse plexus of CN 9/10 )
what nuclear medicine tests can you use to investigate gloms tympanicum
Indium 111
OCtreotide
123 MIGB
what causes a cholesterol granuloma
bleeding in pneumatised petrous apex - leading to inflammatory mass
what is the dark rim seen in a cholesterol granuloma ?
old blood products
surrounding the cholesterol crystals which are fat bright
what causes petrous apicitis
pseudomonas infection from mastoiditis
what is gradenigo syndrome
otorrhea - middle ear mastoid infection
headache - intracranial infection or trigeminal neuralgia
diplopia - lateral rectus palsy ( due to CN6 courses over the petrous apex)
what does the cavernous sinus drain
the inferior and superior ophthalmic veins and the sphenoparietal sinus
what drains the cavernous sinus
superior and inferior petrosal sinuses to the sigmoid sinus and then jugular bulb
<what classifies a micro adenoma of the pituitary gland ?
<10mm
what is the most common primary cancer to metastasise to the suprasellar region ?
bresat
how do patients with a hypothalamic harmatoma present
uncontrollable laughing seizures
where do most acquired cholesteatomoas arise
prussaks space
where are cholesterol granulomas located
in a pneumatised petrous apex
on otoscope what does a cholesterol granuloma look like ?
blue retrotympanic mass
where do most nasophrangeal carcinomas raise ?
fossa of rossenmuller
with a nasopharyngeal carcinoma which lymph nodes are usually preferred ?
retropharyngeal and high jugular
where do thronwaldt cysts arise and what do people complain off ?
in the midline or the nasopharnx, bad breath
what automatically upgrades an oropharyngeal cancer to a T3 ?
invasion of the epiglottic fat space
where do all ranulas arise from ?
they all arise from the sublingual space
what is a rare complication of a thyroiglossal duct cyst ?
thyroid carcinoma
what is the most common location for a cystic hygroma?
posterior triangle of the neck
what is the most common cause of hypothyroidism ?
hashimotos disease
what is the most common cause of a painful thyroid mass ?
de quervain thyroiditis
what is a gibbus deformity?
it is where there is anterior wedging of the vertebral body - this results in structural kyphosis
what is the most common cause of epidural lipomatosis ?
steroid use
what measurement of epidural fat in the thoracic space is thought of as epidural lipomatosis ?
more than 6mm
what should the basin dental interval be ?
<12mm
what should the Atlanta -dental interval be ?
< 2.5 mm adults
< 5mm in children
