Urolithiasis

Question 1

what urolithiasis stone type May form staghorn calculi

Answer 1

triple phosphate

Question 2

what urolithiasis stone type

is associated with Fanconi Syn.

Answer 2

cystine

Question 3

what are some associated factors of renal stones?

Answer 3

Dehydration
 Hypercalcaemia: 1O HPT, immobilisation
 ↑ oxalate excretion: tea, strawberries
 UTIs
 Hyperuricaemia: e.g. gout
 Urinary tract abnormalities: e.g. bladder diverticulae
 Drugs: frusemide, thiazides

Question 4

what blood tests should be done for renal stones?

Answer 4

FBC, U+E, Ca, PO4, urate

Question 5

what is the gold standard imaging test for renal stones?

Answer 5

Spiral non-contrast CT-KUB

Question 6

are most renal stones radio-opaque or radiolucent?

Answer 6

radio-opaque

Question 7

what renal stones are radiolucent?

Answer 7

Urate

Question 8

what three functional scans can be done for the renal function?

Answer 8

DMSA: dimercaptosuccinic acid
 DTPA: diethylenetriamene penta-acetic acid
 MAG-3

Question 9

state some dietary sources of oxalate?

Answer 9

chocolate, tea, strawberries

Question 10

what analgesia should be used for renal stones?

Answer 10

Diclofenac 75mg

Question 11

what are three options for active stone removal?

Answer 11

Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (SWL)
Ureterorenoscopy (URS)
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PNL)