Urogenital System Flashcards
What makes up the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Where is the Urinary System located?
Lies in the abdomina and pelvic cavities
True or False: The Urinary System is Anatomically linked with the Genital system?
True
Urogenital System
True/False: The Urinary System and Genital System share the urethra?
True
They share the urethra wich runs through the penis of the male and joins the vagina of the female.
What are the functions of the Kidneys.
Form urine from the blood
Endocrine gland
How much blood perfuses through the kidneys daily and how much urine is produced?
In large dogs - 1000 to 2000 L of blood perfuse the kidneys daily to produce 1 to 2 L of urine
What does Renin do?
Regulates blood pressure
What does Erythropoietin do?
Increases rate of production of RBCs in bone marrow.
Where are the kidneys located?
Found pressed against the abdominal roof in the lumbar region
Right and left of the median plane
Are the Kidneys covered by peritoneum?
No, they are Retroperitoneal - ‘behind peritoneum’
Only the ventral surface of the kidney is covered by parietal peritoneum
True or False: The right kidney is less variable in position than the left kidney?
True
The right kidney is less variable in positon.
What is the location of the Right Kidney?
More cranial than the left by about a half a kidney length
Extends from T13/L1 to L3
What is the location of the Left Kidney?
Extends from L2 to L4
Know the different shapes of Kidneys!
Describe the dorsal surface of the Kidney.
Contacts lumbar hypaxial muscles
free of peritoneum
Describe the ventral surface of the Kidney.
Faces abdominal cavity
Covered by parietal peritoneum
Describe the lateral border of the Kidney.
Convex
Related to abdominal wall/spleen
Descirbe the medial border of the Kidney.
Concave
Related to caudal vena cava/abdominal aorta
Describe the cranial pole of the Kidney.
Right Kidney - caudate process of liver, Right Adreanal
Left Kidney - left lobe of pancreas, Left Adreanal
Describe the caudal pole of the Kidney.
Right Kidney - Ascending colon
Left Kidney - Descending colon, mesovarium (female)
What is the Renal Hilus?
Indented medial border of the kidney is called hilus
Renal b.v., lymphatics, nerves, and the ureter enter
What is the Renal Sinus?
The hilus leads into a recess called the renal sinus.
Contains the renal pelvis, fat, and proximal branches of the renal vessels and nerves.
What is the Renal Pelvis?
Funnel shaped dilatation of ureter
Located inside the renal sinus
Receives urine from the papillary ducts and passes into the ureter
What is the Pelvic Recess?
Curved diverticula of the renal pelvis
Project into parenchyma between renal pyramids
5-6 recesses from each border of pelvis
What is the Fibrous capsule of the Kidney?
Covers the surface of the kidney
Made of collagen (mostly) and elastic (few) fibers therefore, cannot swell as well as other organs if the internal pressure rises
Loosely connected to kidney by loose connective tissue therefore, easily stripped from a healthy kidney.
What is the Renal Cortex?
Inside of fibrous capsule
Outer portion of the renal parenchyma
Granular appearance - renal corpuscles
What is the Renal Medulla?
Inner portion of the renal parenchyma
Striated appearance - medullary rays
What is the Renal Crest?
The free edge of medulla facing the pelvis
Formed by the fusion of renal papillae
Papillary ducts open on the border of the renal crest facing pelvis
The opening of papillary ducts are called papillary foramina
What are renal papillae?
The apex of renal pyramid
Seen in paramedian sections
What are Renal Pyramids?
Pyramid shapped medullary substance
Represents the lobes of kidneys
Seen in paramedian sections
How does the blood travel through the Kidney?
What are Ureters?
Narrow muscular tube
Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Lenght of the ureter depends on the size of the animal
What are the two parts of the Ureters?
Abdominal part
Pelvic part
Describe the Abdominal part of the Ureters.
Begins at renal pelvis, runs caudally broadly following a sagittal course.
Describe the Pelvic part of the Ureters.
On reaching the pelvic cavity, ureter bends medially to enter the genital fold in the male or the borad ligament in the female
Opens over the dorsal surface of the neck of the bladder
How doe they Ureters enter the bladder?
Ureter penetrates the bladder wall obliquely
Prevents the reflux of urine into the ureter when the intravesical pressure rises
It doesn’t prevent the further filling of the bladder because the resistance is overcome by peristaltic contractions of ureteric wall
What is the Urinary Bladder and what are its three parts?
A distensible urine storage organ
3 Parts:
Apex
Body
Neck
Describe the parts of the Bladder.
Apex:
cranial blind end of the bladder, has scar tissue, which is a remnat of urachus (connects the primitive bladder to allantoic sac in fetus)
Body:
middle part
Neck:
narrow caudal part leading into the urethra
Is the bladder covered by the greater omentum?
No
Not covered by the greater omentum, thus is in direct contact with the abdominal wall
What are the structurs of the bladder?
Apex - scar tissue
Lumen of the bladder
Ureters (3’ Ureteric orifice)
Trigone of the bladder
Urethral crest
Urethra
What are the ligaments of the bladder?
Two Lateral ligaments of the bladder
Median ligament of the bladder
Describe the two lateral ligaments of the bladder.
Connects the lateral surface of the bladder to the pelvic wall
Free edge of the ligament is called the round ligament of the bladder which contains the remnant of umbilical arteries
Describe the median ligament of the bladder.
Connects the ventral surface of the bladder to the pelvic symphysis and linea alba
In the fetus, contains the urachus and umbilical vein (free edge of falciform ligament) form the embilical cord
What does the Urethra carry?
In female: exclusively serves to convey urine
In male: urine, semen, and seminal secreations
Describe the Male urethra.
Extends from an internal opening at the bladder neck to an external opening at the end of the penis.
Two parts:
Pelvic part (internal part)
Penile part (external part)
What are the male genital organs?
Scrotum
Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Spermatic cord
Accessory sex glands
Urethra
Penis
Blood Supply
Describe the scrotum.
Located between the thighs in the inguinal region
A pouch of skin divided by a median septum into two compartments
Each compartment has a testis, an epididymis, and the distal part of the spermatic cord
The left testis is usually farther caudal than right (prevent friction?)
What is the scrotal raphe?
External mark of the scrotal septum.
What are the layers of the scrotum?
Skin - thin, pigmented, covered with few hairs
Tunica dartos - smooth muscle layer, contraction causes the scrotal skin to retract and draw the testes close to the body
What is the scrotal ligament?
Connects the tunica dartos to the ligament of the tail of the epididymis.
Describe the scrotum of the cat, and what is different about the cat penis.
Located just ventral to the anus
Lies on the short, caudally directed penis (most species cranial)
Descrbe the testes.
Located in the scrotum obliquely with long axis running dorsocaudally
Nearly spherical, enclosed in tunica vaginalis, spermatic and cremasteric fascia, which are connected to tunica dartos
Where does the Epididymis attach to the testes?
Epididymis is attached to the dorsolateral surface of testis, which head at the cranial extremity and tail at the caudal extremity.
What are the layers of the testes?
Scrotal skin
Tunica dartos
Scrotal septum
External spermatic fascia
Parietal layer of vaginal tunic
Visceral layer of vaginal tunic
Tunica albuginea
What is number 1?
Tunica albuginea
What is number 2?
Visceral vaginal tunic
What is number 3?
Vaginal cavity
What is number 4?
Parietal vaginal tunic
What is number 5?
Internal spermatic fascia
What is number 6?
External spermatic fascia
What is number 7?
Skin and dartos
What are the testes attachments?
Proper ligament of the testis
Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
Scrotal ligament
Describe the Proper ligament of the testis.
Attaches the testis to the tail of the epididymis
Describe the ligament of the tail of the epididymis.
Attaches the tail of the epididymis to the vaginal tunic and spermatic fascia
Describe the scrotal ligament.
Attaches the tunica dartos and ligament of the tail of the epididymis.
Describe the Epididymis.
Spermatozoa are stored before ejaculation
Lies along the dorsolateral border of testis
What are the three parts of the Epididymis.
Head (caput) - begins on cranial medial surface of testis but immediately twists towards the lateral side
Body (carpus) - runs along the dorsolateral surface of testis
Tail (cauda epididymis) - attached to the caudal extremity of testis by the proper ligament of the testis
What attaches the medial edge of the Epididymis to the testis?
visceral vaginal tunic called
Mesorchium
What doe the Epididymis continue craniodorsally as?
Ductus deferens
Describe the mesorchium.
(Visceral vaginal tunic) extends medially over the lateral surface of epididymis to form a potential space called the testicular bursa.
What is the location of the testicual bursa?
It is limited cranially and caudally by the epididymal head and tail.
What are the ductus deferens a continuation of?
The tail of the epididymis.
How do the ductus deferens enter the abdominal cavity?
The ductus deferens enter the abdominal cavity at the vaginal ring.
Right and left ducts enter the genital fold???
Where are the ductus deferens located?
Passes cranially along the dorsomedial border of testis.
Describe the Blood supply of the Testis and Epididymis.
Testicular artery
Artery of ductus deferens
(Testicular v. follows the arterial pattern by forms an extensive plexus, pampiniform plexus.)
What makes up the Pampiniform plexus?
Testicular vein
Where does the spermatic cord travel?
Begins at the vaginal ring
Pass through the inguinal canal during the descent of testis.
What makes up the Anatomical spermatic cord?
Ductus deferens and its vessels
Mesoductus deferens
Testicular artery
Testicular veins that form pampiniform plexus
Lymphatics of testis and epididymis
Testicular nerve plexus
Mesorchium
What makes up the Surgical/Clinical spermatic cord?
Cremaster m.
Parietal vaginal tunic
Plus, All of the Anatomical spermatic cord parts:
Ductus deferens and its vessels
Mesoductus deferens
Testicular artery
Testicular veins that form pampiniform plexus
Lymphatics of testis and epididymis
Testicular nerve plexus
Mesorchium
What is the difference between a closed and open castraction.
Open: Cut one vaginal tunic
What are the accessory sex glands?
Ampullary gland (minor) (quite small - can not see grossly)
Prostate (major)
Where is the prostate located?
Completely surrounds the urethra at the nect of the bladder
Dorsally bound by rectum, ventrally by the pubis symphysis and ventral abdominal wall
Describe the surfaces of the Prostate.
Dorsal surface covered by peritoneum
Ventral surface is retroperitoneal
A median septum divids it into right and left lobes
Describe how the ductus deferens interact with the prostate.
Two ductus deferens enter the craniodorsal surface, run through the prostate to open into the urethra by two slits on each side of a hillock, colliculus seminalis
What are the three divisions of the penis?
Root:
Left and right cura
Bulb of the penis
Body:
Two adjacent corpora cavernosa
Glans:
Bulbus glandis
Pars longa glandis
True/False: In non-erect state the glans is entirely withdrawn into the prepuce.
True
Describe the Crus of the penis.
Proximal end of the corpus cavernosum penis
Originate from ischiatic tuberosity
Surrounded by ischiocavernosus m.
Describe the bulb of penis.
Lies between the cura
Partially bilobed
Continuous with corpus spongiosum surround the caudal part of the urethra
Externally covered by bulbospongiosus m.
Describe the body of the penis.
The body begins where the two crura join distal to the bulb
Includes corpus cavernosa, corpus spongiosus and the urethra
Enveloped by tunica albuginea
Describe the glans of the penis:
Pars longa glandis
Bulbus glandis
Os penis - surrounded by glans penis
What is the os penis surrounded by?
glans penis
Describe bulbus glandis.
Barrel-shaped cavernous expansion of corpus spongiosum
Surrounds the proximal third of the os penis
Not distinct in non-erect stage
Functions to provide the “tie” or “lock” during copulation
Separated from pars longa glandis by connective tissue septum
Describe pars longa glandis.
There is no connection between it and the corpus spongiosum
A short, large vein on each side drains the pars longa glandis into the cavernous bulbus glandis.
What is the os penis an ossification of?
corpora cavernosa
What is the prepuce?
Fold of the skin, that covers the glans of the penis in the retracted state.
What is the external lamina of the prepuce?
Haired skin of the outer surface
Continuous with the skin of the abdominal wall
What is the internal lamina of the prepuce?
In contact with the penis
Terminates at the fornix
What is the preputial orifice?
External and and the internal lamina meet
What is the preputial fornix?
Internal lamina reflect onto the glans penis.
What are the penis muscles?
Ischiocavernosus m.
Bulbospongiosus m.
Retractor penis m.
Isciourethralis m.
Describe the Ischiocavernosus m of the penis.
Ischiatic tubersoity
Enclose the crura
Describe the Bulbospongiosus m. of the penis.
Surrounds the bulb of the penis
Arises from the external anal sphincter
Describe the Retractor penis m.
Smooth muscle mainly
Arises from the first two caudal vertebrae
Describe the Ischiourethralis m. of the penis.
Originates from the ischiatic tuberosity
Inserts into a fibrous ring that encircles the dorsal vein of the penis
What is the major blood supply of the penis?
Internal pudendal artery and vein
Ventral perineal artery and vein
Deep artery and vein of penis
Artery and vein of bulbus penis
Dorsal artery and vein of penis
What are all of the female genital organs?
Broad ligament
Ovaries
Uterine tube
Uterus
Vagina
Vestibule
Vulva
Clitoris
Blood supply
What is the boad ligament composed of and what does it contain?
Paired double folds of peritoneum attaching the ovaries, uterine tube and uterus to the dorsolateral walls of abdominal cavity and lateral walls of pelvic cavity.
Also contains vessels and nerves to the genitalia and fat.
What are the three regions of the broad ligament?
Mesovarium - ovary
Mesosalpinx - uterine tube
Mesometrium - uterus
What does the mesovarium attach?
Mesovarium - attaches the ovary to the dorsolateral region of the abdominal wall.
What doe the mesosalpinx attach?
Mesosalpinx - extends laterally from the mexovarium and attaches the uterine tube
What is the ovarian bursa?
Ovarina bursa - mesovarium and mesosalpinx form a small punch enclosing the ovary.
What does the mesometrium attach?
Mesometerium - continuous with the mesovarium and attaches the uterine horms and uterine body
What is the round ligament of the uterus?
A fibrous cord that runs in the free border of laterally extended mesometrium from the ovary to inguinal canal.
What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
Runs from middle and ventral thrids of 12th and/or 13th rib to ventral aspect of ovary.
What is the proper ligament of the ovary?
Caudal continuation of suspensory ligament of the ovary attaching the ovary to the uterine horn.
What is the ovary?
Female gonad, produces oocyte
Also and endorine gland - estrogen and progesterone
Lies caudal to the kidney
What is the shape/apperance of the ovary?
Smooth in appearance before estrus; rough and nodular in multiparous bitches.
What are the extremities of the ovary?
Tubal extremity
Uterine extremity
What are the borders of the ovary?
Free border
Mesovarian border
What is the Uterine tube and what are other names for it?
Transports oocytes to the uterus.
(Fallopian tube, salpinx, or oviduct)
What are Fimbriae?
Finger like projections extending from the infundibulum that capture an ovulated oocyte.
What is the Infundibulum?
thin walled funnel with a small opening called abdominal ostium that leads into the tubular part; site of fertilization.
What is the uterine ostium?
The opening of the uterine tube into the horn of the uterus, externally at the tubouterine junction.
What is the Uterus?
Transports sperm to uterine tube; conduction, implantation and nourishment of the developing young.
Y-shapped, communicated with uterine tubes cranially and the vagina caudally.
What are the three parts of the Uterus?
Horns (2)
Body
Cervix
Describe the Horns of the Uterus.
Left and right are the same size
Connected to the ovary by proper ligament of ovary
Located in the abdominal cavity
Peritoneum unites the two horns for a short distace before converging to form uterine body
Internally the partition is called Uterine velum
Open separately into the uterine body.
Describe the body of the Uterus.
Located in both abdominal and pelvic cavity
Simple muscular tube of varying length
Describe the cervix of the Uterus.
The most caudal part of the uterus
Lies diagonally (obliquely) across the uterovaginal junction
Lumen of the cervis, cervical canal is narrow and extends from internal uterine orifice to external uterine orfice.
Describe the Vagina.
Dilatable canal extending from uterus to vestibule
Very long in dogs
Most of it is retroperitoneal (only crainal part is covered by peritoneum)
Longitudinal folds that have transverse folds - ability ot enlarge in both diameter and lenght
What is the vaginal fornix?
Cranial part of vagina that extends cranial to the cervix.
What is the vetibule?
Connects the vagina with external genital opening, the vulva
No mucosal folds
Urethral tubercle - a ridge like projection on the cranio-ventral wall, contains the external urethral orifice
Vestibular bulb - a nodular erective tissue on each lateral wall.
What is the urethral tubercle?
A ridge like projection on the cranio-ventral wall, contains the exernal urethral orifice.
What is the ventibular bulb?
a nodular erective tissue on each lateral wall
What are the exteral female genitalia?
Vulva
Clitoris
Urethra
Describe the vulva
Lies caudal to vestibule
Consists of two lips, labii joined dorsally and ventrally by commissures and separated by a narrow cleft, rima pudendi
Describe the clitoris.
Homologue of male penis
Located in the floor of the vestibule near the vulva
Os clitoridis can be present.
What does the clitoris consist of?
A pair of crura
Body
Glans - projects into fossa clitoridis
What is the blood supply of the female gential organs.
Ovarian a.
Uterine br.
Tubal br.
Internal pudendal a.
Vaginal a.
Uterine a.
Artery of the clitoris
Artery of the vestibular bulb
