Urogenital System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the urinary system?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

Urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the Urinary System located?

A

Lies in the abdomina and pelvic cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or False: The Urinary System is Anatomically linked with the Genital system?

A

True

Urogenital System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True/False: The Urinary System and Genital System share the urethra?

A

True

They share the urethra wich runs through the penis of the male and joins the vagina of the female.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functions of the Kidneys.

A

Form urine from the blood

Endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How much blood perfuses through the kidneys daily and how much urine is produced?

A

In large dogs - 1000 to 2000 L of blood perfuse the kidneys daily to produce 1 to 2 L of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does Renin do?

A

Regulates blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does Erythropoietin do?

A

Increases rate of production of RBCs in bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Found pressed against the abdominal roof in the lumbar region

Right and left of the median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are the Kidneys covered by peritoneum?

A

No, they are Retroperitoneal - ‘behind peritoneum’

Only the ventral surface of the kidney is covered by parietal peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or False: The right kidney is less variable in position than the left kidney?

A

True

The right kidney is less variable in positon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the location of the Right Kidney?

A

More cranial than the left by about a half a kidney length

Extends from T13/L1 to L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the location of the Left Kidney?

A

Extends from L2 to L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Know the different shapes of Kidneys!

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the dorsal surface of the Kidney.

A

Contacts lumbar hypaxial muscles

free of peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the ventral surface of the Kidney.

A

Faces abdominal cavity

Covered by parietal peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the lateral border of the Kidney.

A

Convex

Related to abdominal wall/spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Descirbe the medial border of the Kidney.

A

Concave

Related to caudal vena cava/abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the cranial pole of the Kidney.

A

Right Kidney - caudate process of liver, Right Adreanal

Left Kidney - left lobe of pancreas, Left Adreanal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the caudal pole of the Kidney.

A

Right Kidney - Ascending colon

Left Kidney - Descending colon, mesovarium (female)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the Renal Hilus?

A

Indented medial border of the kidney is called hilus

Renal b.v., lymphatics, nerves, and the ureter enter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the Renal Sinus?

A

The hilus leads into a recess called the renal sinus.

Contains the renal pelvis, fat, and proximal branches of the renal vessels and nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the Renal Pelvis?

A

Funnel shaped dilatation of ureter

Located inside the renal sinus

Receives urine from the papillary ducts and passes into the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Pelvic Recess?

A

Curved diverticula of the renal pelvis

Project into parenchyma between renal pyramids

5-6 recesses from each border of pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the Fibrous capsule of the Kidney?
Covers the surface of the kidney Made of collagen (mostly) and elastic (few) fibers therefore, cannot swell as well as other organs if the internal pressure rises Loosely connected to kidney by loose connective tissue therefore, easily stripped from a healthy kidney.
26
What is the Renal Cortex?
Inside of fibrous capsule Outer portion of the renal parenchyma Granular appearance - renal corpuscles
27
What is the Renal Medulla?
Inner portion of the renal parenchyma Striated appearance - medullary rays
28
What is the Renal Crest?
The free edge of medulla facing the pelvis Formed by the fusion of renal papillae Papillary ducts open on the border of the renal crest facing pelvis The opening of papillary ducts are called papillary foramina
29
What are renal papillae?
The apex of renal pyramid Seen in paramedian sections
30
What are Renal Pyramids?
Pyramid shapped medullary substance Represents the lobes of kidneys Seen in paramedian sections
31
How does the blood travel through the Kidney?
32
What are Ureters?
Narrow muscular tube Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder Lenght of the ureter depends on the size of the animal
33
What are the two parts of the Ureters?
Abdominal part Pelvic part
34
Describe the Abdominal part of the Ureters.
Begins at renal pelvis, runs caudally broadly following a sagittal course.
35
Describe the Pelvic part of the Ureters.
On reaching the pelvic cavity, ureter bends medially to enter the genital fold in the male or the borad ligament in the female Opens over the dorsal surface of the neck of the bladder
36
How doe they Ureters enter the bladder?
Ureter penetrates the bladder wall obliquely Prevents the reflux of urine into the ureter when the intravesical pressure rises It doesn't prevent the further filling of the bladder because the resistance is overcome by peristaltic contractions of ureteric wall
37
What is the Urinary Bladder and what are its three parts?
A distensible urine storage organ 3 Parts: Apex Body Neck
38
Describe the parts of the Bladder.
Apex: cranial blind end of the bladder, has scar tissue, which is a remnat of urachus (connects the primitive bladder to allantoic sac in fetus) Body: middle part Neck: narrow caudal part leading into the urethra
39
Is the bladder covered by the greater omentum?
No Not covered by the greater omentum, thus is in direct contact with the abdominal wall
40
What are the structurs of the bladder?
Apex - scar tissue Lumen of the bladder Ureters (3' Ureteric orifice) Trigone of the bladder Urethral crest Urethra
41
What are the ligaments of the bladder?
Two Lateral ligaments of the bladder Median ligament of the bladder
42
Describe the two lateral ligaments of the bladder.
Connects the lateral surface of the bladder to the pelvic wall Free edge of the ligament is called the round ligament of the bladder which contains the remnant of umbilical arteries
43
Describe the median ligament of the bladder.
Connects the ventral surface of the bladder to the pelvic symphysis and linea alba In the fetus, contains the urachus and umbilical vein (free edge of falciform ligament) form the embilical cord
44
What does the Urethra carry?
In female: exclusively serves to convey urine In male: urine, semen, and seminal secreations
45
Describe the Male urethra.
Extends from an internal opening at the bladder neck to an external opening at the end of the penis. Two parts: Pelvic part (internal part) Penile part (external part)
46
What are the male genital organs?
Scrotum Testes Epididymis Ductus deferens Spermatic cord Accessory sex glands Urethra Penis Blood Supply
47
Describe the scrotum.
Located between the thighs in the inguinal region A pouch of skin divided by a median septum into two compartments Each compartment has a testis, an epididymis, and the distal part of the spermatic cord The left testis is usually farther caudal than right (prevent friction?)
48
What is the scrotal raphe?
External mark of the scrotal septum.
49
What are the layers of the scrotum?
Skin - thin, pigmented, covered with few hairs Tunica dartos - smooth muscle layer, contraction causes the scrotal skin to retract and draw the testes close to the body
50
What is the scrotal ligament?
Connects the tunica dartos to the ligament of the tail of the epididymis.
51
Describe the scrotum of the cat, and what is different about the cat penis.
Located just ventral to the anus Lies on the short, caudally directed penis (most species cranial)
52
Descrbe the testes.
Located in the scrotum obliquely with long axis running dorsocaudally Nearly spherical, enclosed in tunica vaginalis, spermatic and cremasteric fascia, which are connected to tunica dartos
53
Where does the Epididymis attach to the testes?
Epididymis is attached to the dorsolateral surface of testis, which head at the cranial extremity and tail at the caudal extremity.
54
What are the layers of the testes?
Scrotal skin Tunica dartos Scrotal septum External spermatic fascia Parietal layer of vaginal tunic Visceral layer of vaginal tunic Tunica albuginea
55
What is number 1?
Tunica albuginea
56
What is number 2?
Visceral vaginal tunic
57
What is number 3?
Vaginal cavity
58
What is number 4?
Parietal vaginal tunic
59
What is number 5?
Internal spermatic fascia
60
What is number 6?
External spermatic fascia
61
What is number 7?
Skin and dartos
62
What are the testes attachments?
Proper ligament of the testis Ligament of the tail of the epididymis Scrotal ligament
63
Describe the Proper ligament of the testis.
Attaches the testis to the tail of the epididymis
64
Describe the ligament of the tail of the epididymis.
Attaches the tail of the epididymis to the vaginal tunic and spermatic fascia
65
Describe the scrotal ligament.
Attaches the tunica dartos and ligament of the tail of the epididymis.
66
Describe the Epididymis.
Spermatozoa are stored before ejaculation Lies along the dorsolateral border of testis
67
What are the three parts of the Epididymis.
**Head** (caput) - begins on cranial medial surface of testis but immediately twists towards the lateral side **Body** (carpus) - runs along the dorsolateral surface of testis **Tail** (cauda epididymis) - attached to the caudal extremity of testis by the proper ligament of the testis
68
What attaches the medial edge of the Epididymis to the testis?
visceral vaginal tunic called ## Footnote **Mesorchium**
69
What doe the Epididymis continue craniodorsally as?
Ductus deferens
70
Describe the mesorchium.
(Visceral vaginal tunic) extends medially over the lateral surface of epididymis to form a potential space called the testicular bursa.
71
What is the location of the testicual bursa?
72
It is limited cranially and caudally by the epididymal head and tail.
73
What are the ductus deferens a continuation of?
The tail of the epididymis.
74
How do the ductus deferens enter the abdominal cavity?
The ductus deferens enter the abdominal cavity at the vaginal ring. Right and left ducts enter the genital fold???
75
Where are the ductus deferens located?
Passes cranially along the dorsomedial border of testis.
76
Describe the Blood supply of the Testis and Epididymis.
Testicular artery Artery of ductus deferens (Testicular v. follows the arterial pattern by forms an extensive plexus, **pampiniform plexus**.)
77
What makes up the Pampiniform plexus?
Testicular vein
78
Where does the spermatic cord travel?
Begins at the vaginal ring Pass through the inguinal canal during the descent of testis.
79
What makes up the Anatomical spermatic cord?
Ductus deferens and its vessels Mesoductus deferens Testicular artery Testicular veins that form pampiniform plexus Lymphatics of testis and epididymis Testicular nerve plexus Mesorchium
80
What makes up the Surgical/Clinical spermatic cord?
Cremaster m. Parietal vaginal tunic Plus, All of the Anatomical spermatic cord parts: Ductus deferens and its vessels Mesoductus deferens Testicular artery Testicular veins that form pampiniform plexus Lymphatics of testis and epididymis Testicular nerve plexus Mesorchium
81
What is the difference between a closed and open castraction.
Open: Cut one vaginal tunic
82
What are the accessory sex glands?
Ampullary gland (minor) (quite small - can not see grossly) Prostate (major)
83
Where is the prostate located?
Completely surrounds the urethra at the nect of the bladder Dorsally bound by rectum, ventrally by the pubis symphysis and ventral abdominal wall
84
Describe the surfaces of the Prostate.
Dorsal surface covered by peritoneum Ventral surface is retroperitoneal A median septum divids it into right and left lobes
85
Describe how the ductus deferens interact with the prostate.
Two ductus deferens enter the craniodorsal surface, run through the prostate to open into the urethra by two slits on each side of a hillock, colliculus seminalis
86
What are the three divisions of the penis?
Root: Left and right cura Bulb of the penis Body: Two adjacent corpora cavernosa Glans: Bulbus glandis Pars longa glandis
87
True/False: In non-erect state the glans is entirely withdrawn into the prepuce.
True
88
Describe the Crus of the penis.
Proximal end of the corpus cavernosum penis Originate from ischiatic tuberosity Surrounded by ischiocavernosus m.
89
Describe the bulb of penis.
Lies between the cura Partially bilobed Continuous with corpus spongiosum surround the caudal part of the urethra Externally covered by bulbospongiosus m.
90
Describe the body of the penis.
The body begins where the two crura join distal to the bulb Includes corpus cavernosa, corpus spongiosus and the urethra Enveloped by tunica albuginea
91
Describe the glans of the penis: Pars longa glandis Bulbus glandis Os penis - surrounded by glans penis
92
What is the os penis surrounded by?
glans penis
93
Describe bulbus glandis.
Barrel-shaped cavernous expansion of corpus spongiosum Surrounds the proximal third of the os penis Not distinct in non-erect stage Functions to provide the "tie" or "lock" during copulation Separated from pars longa glandis by connective tissue septum
94
Describe pars longa glandis.
There is no connection between it and the corpus spongiosum A short, large vein on each side drains the pars longa glandis into the cavernous bulbus glandis.
95
What is the os penis an ossification of?
corpora cavernosa
96
What is the prepuce?
Fold of the skin, that covers the glans of the penis in the retracted state.
97
What is the external lamina of the prepuce?
Haired skin of the outer surface Continuous with the skin of the abdominal wall
98
What is the internal lamina of the prepuce?
In contact with the penis Terminates at the fornix
99
What is the preputial orifice?
External and and the internal lamina meet
100
What is the preputial fornix?
Internal lamina reflect onto the glans penis.
101
What are the penis muscles?
Ischiocavernosus m. Bulbospongiosus m. Retractor penis m. Isciourethralis m.
102
Describe the Ischiocavernosus m of the penis.
Ischiatic tubersoity Enclose the crura
103
Describe the Bulbospongiosus m. of the penis.
Surrounds the bulb of the penis Arises from the external anal sphincter
104
Describe the Retractor penis m.
Smooth muscle mainly Arises from the first two caudal vertebrae
105
Describe the Ischiourethralis m. of the penis.
Originates from the ischiatic tuberosity Inserts into a fibrous ring that encircles the dorsal vein of the penis
106
What is the major blood supply of the penis?
Internal pudendal artery and vein Ventral perineal artery and vein Deep artery and vein of penis Artery and vein of bulbus penis Dorsal artery and vein of penis
107
What are all of the female genital organs?
Broad ligament Ovaries Uterine tube Uterus Vagina Vestibule Vulva Clitoris Blood supply
108
What is the boad ligament composed of and what does it contain?
Paired double folds of peritoneum attaching the ovaries, uterine tube and uterus to the dorsolateral walls of abdominal cavity and lateral walls of pelvic cavity. Also contains vessels and nerves to the genitalia and fat.
109
What are the three regions of the broad ligament?
Mesovarium - ovary Mesosalpinx - uterine tube Mesometrium - uterus
110
What does the mesovarium attach?
Mesovarium - attaches the ovary to the dorsolateral region of the abdominal wall.
111
What doe the mesosalpinx attach?
Mesosalpinx - extends laterally from the mexovarium and attaches the uterine tube
112
What is the ovarian bursa?
Ovarina bursa - mesovarium and mesosalpinx form a small punch enclosing the ovary.
113
What does the mesometrium attach?
Mesometerium - continuous with the mesovarium and attaches the uterine horms and uterine body
114
What is the round ligament of the uterus?
A fibrous cord that runs in the free border of laterally extended mesometrium from the ovary to inguinal canal.
115
What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
Runs from middle and ventral thrids of 12th and/or 13th rib to ventral aspect of ovary.
116
What is the proper ligament of the ovary?
Caudal continuation of suspensory ligament of the ovary attaching the ovary to the uterine horn.
117
What is the ovary?
Female gonad, produces oocyte Also and endorine gland - estrogen and progesterone Lies caudal to the kidney
118
What is the shape/apperance of the ovary?
Smooth in appearance before estrus; rough and nodular in multiparous bitches.
119
What are the extremities of the ovary?
Tubal extremity Uterine extremity
120
What are the borders of the ovary?
Free border Mesovarian border
121
What is the Uterine tube and what are other names for it?
Transports oocytes to the uterus. | (Fallopian tube, salpinx, or oviduct)
122
What are Fimbriae?
Finger like projections extending from the infundibulum that capture an ovulated oocyte.
123
What is the Infundibulum?
thin walled funnel with a small opening called abdominal ostium that leads into the tubular part; site of fertilization.
124
What is the uterine ostium?
The opening of the uterine tube into the horn of the uterus, externally at the tubouterine junction.
125
What is the Uterus?
Transports sperm to uterine tube; conduction, implantation and nourishment of the developing young. Y-shapped, communicated with uterine tubes cranially and the vagina caudally.
126
What are the three parts of the Uterus?
Horns (2) Body Cervix
127
Describe the Horns of the Uterus.
Left and right are the same size Connected to the ovary by proper ligament of ovary Located in the abdominal cavity Peritoneum unites the two horns for a short distace before converging to form uterine body Internally the partition is called Uterine velum Open separately into the uterine body.
128
Describe the body of the Uterus.
Located in both abdominal and pelvic cavity Simple muscular tube of varying length
129
Describe the cervix of the Uterus.
The most caudal part of the uterus Lies diagonally (obliquely) across the uterovaginal junction Lumen of the cervis, cervical canal is narrow and extends from internal uterine orifice to external uterine orfice.
130
Describe the Vagina.
Dilatable canal extending from uterus to vestibule Very long in dogs Most of it is retroperitoneal (only crainal part is covered by peritoneum) Longitudinal folds that have transverse folds - ability ot enlarge in both diameter and lenght
131
What is the vaginal fornix?
Cranial part of vagina that extends cranial to the cervix.
132
What is the vetibule?
Connects the vagina with external genital opening, the vulva No mucosal folds Urethral tubercle - a ridge like projection on the cranio-ventral wall, contains the external urethral orifice Vestibular bulb - a nodular erective tissue on each lateral wall.
133
What is the urethral tubercle?
A ridge like projection on the cranio-ventral wall, contains the exernal urethral orifice.
134
What is the ventibular bulb?
a nodular erective tissue on each lateral wall
135
What are the exteral female genitalia?
Vulva Clitoris Urethra
136
Describe the vulva
Lies caudal to vestibule Consists of two lips, labii joined dorsally and ventrally by commissures and separated by a narrow cleft, rima pudendi
137
Describe the clitoris.
Homologue of male penis Located in the floor of the vestibule near the vulva Os clitoridis can be present.
138
What does the clitoris consist of?
A pair of crura Body Glans - projects into fossa clitoridis
139
What is the blood supply of the female gential organs.
Ovarian a. Uterine br. Tubal br. Internal pudendal a. Vaginal a. Uterine a. Artery of the clitoris Artery of the vestibular bulb