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Gross Anatomy I > Urogenital System > Flashcards

Urogenital System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the urinary system?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

Urethra

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2
Q

Where is the Urinary System located?

A

Lies in the abdomina and pelvic cavities

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3
Q

True or False: The Urinary System is Anatomically linked with the Genital system?

A

True

Urogenital System

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4
Q

True/False: The Urinary System and Genital System share the urethra?

A

True

They share the urethra wich runs through the penis of the male and joins the vagina of the female.

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5
Q

What are the functions of the Kidneys.

A

Form urine from the blood

Endocrine gland

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6
Q

How much blood perfuses through the kidneys daily and how much urine is produced?

A

In large dogs - 1000 to 2000 L of blood perfuse the kidneys daily to produce 1 to 2 L of urine

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7
Q

What does Renin do?

A

Regulates blood pressure

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8
Q

What does Erythropoietin do?

A

Increases rate of production of RBCs in bone marrow.

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9
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Found pressed against the abdominal roof in the lumbar region

Right and left of the median plane

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10
Q

Are the Kidneys covered by peritoneum?

A

No, they are Retroperitoneal - ‘behind peritoneum’

Only the ventral surface of the kidney is covered by parietal peritoneum

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11
Q

True or False: The right kidney is less variable in position than the left kidney?

A

True

The right kidney is less variable in positon.

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12
Q

What is the location of the Right Kidney?

A

More cranial than the left by about a half a kidney length

Extends from T13/L1 to L3

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13
Q

What is the location of the Left Kidney?

A

Extends from L2 to L4

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14
Q

Know the different shapes of Kidneys!

A
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15
Q

Describe the dorsal surface of the Kidney.

A

Contacts lumbar hypaxial muscles

free of peritoneum

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16
Q

Describe the ventral surface of the Kidney.

A

Faces abdominal cavity

Covered by parietal peritoneum

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17
Q

Describe the lateral border of the Kidney.

A

Convex

Related to abdominal wall/spleen

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18
Q

Descirbe the medial border of the Kidney.

A

Concave

Related to caudal vena cava/abdominal aorta

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19
Q

Describe the cranial pole of the Kidney.

A

Right Kidney - caudate process of liver, Right Adreanal

Left Kidney - left lobe of pancreas, Left Adreanal

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20
Q

Describe the caudal pole of the Kidney.

A

Right Kidney - Ascending colon

Left Kidney - Descending colon, mesovarium (female)

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21
Q

What is the Renal Hilus?

A

Indented medial border of the kidney is called hilus

Renal b.v., lymphatics, nerves, and the ureter enter

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22
Q

What is the Renal Sinus?

A

The hilus leads into a recess called the renal sinus.

Contains the renal pelvis, fat, and proximal branches of the renal vessels and nerves.

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23
Q

What is the Renal Pelvis?

A

Funnel shaped dilatation of ureter

Located inside the renal sinus

Receives urine from the papillary ducts and passes into the ureter

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24
Q

What is the Pelvic Recess?

A

Curved diverticula of the renal pelvis

Project into parenchyma between renal pyramids

5-6 recesses from each border of pelvis

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25
Q

What is the Fibrous capsule of the Kidney?

A

Covers the surface of the kidney

Made of collagen (mostly) and elastic (few) fibers therefore, cannot swell as well as other organs if the internal pressure rises

Loosely connected to kidney by loose connective tissue therefore, easily stripped from a healthy kidney.

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26
Q

What is the Renal Cortex?

A

Inside of fibrous capsule

Outer portion of the renal parenchyma

Granular appearance - renal corpuscles

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27
Q

What is the Renal Medulla?

A

Inner portion of the renal parenchyma

Striated appearance - medullary rays

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28
Q

What is the Renal Crest?

A

The free edge of medulla facing the pelvis

Formed by the fusion of renal papillae

Papillary ducts open on the border of the renal crest facing pelvis

The opening of papillary ducts are called papillary foramina

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29
Q

What are renal papillae?

A

The apex of renal pyramid

Seen in paramedian sections

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30
Q

What are Renal Pyramids?

A

Pyramid shapped medullary substance

Represents the lobes of kidneys

Seen in paramedian sections

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31
Q

How does the blood travel through the Kidney?

A
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32
Q

What are Ureters?

A

Narrow muscular tube

Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Lenght of the ureter depends on the size of the animal

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33
Q

What are the two parts of the Ureters?

A

Abdominal part

Pelvic part

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34
Q

Describe the Abdominal part of the Ureters.

A

Begins at renal pelvis, runs caudally broadly following a sagittal course.

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35
Q

Describe the Pelvic part of the Ureters.

A

On reaching the pelvic cavity, ureter bends medially to enter the genital fold in the male or the borad ligament in the female

Opens over the dorsal surface of the neck of the bladder

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36
Q

How doe they Ureters enter the bladder?

A

Ureter penetrates the bladder wall obliquely

Prevents the reflux of urine into the ureter when the intravesical pressure rises

It doesn’t prevent the further filling of the bladder because the resistance is overcome by peristaltic contractions of ureteric wall

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37
Q

What is the Urinary Bladder and what are its three parts?

A

A distensible urine storage organ

3 Parts:
Apex
Body
Neck

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38
Q

Describe the parts of the Bladder.

A

Apex:
cranial blind end of the bladder, has scar tissue, which is a remnat of urachus (connects the primitive bladder to allantoic sac in fetus)

Body:
middle part

Neck:
narrow caudal part leading into the urethra

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39
Q

Is the bladder covered by the greater omentum?

A

No

Not covered by the greater omentum, thus is in direct contact with the abdominal wall

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40
Q

What are the structurs of the bladder?

A

Apex - scar tissue

Lumen of the bladder

Ureters (3’ Ureteric orifice)

Trigone of the bladder

Urethral crest

Urethra

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41
Q

What are the ligaments of the bladder?

A

Two Lateral ligaments of the bladder

Median ligament of the bladder

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42
Q

Describe the two lateral ligaments of the bladder.

A

Connects the lateral surface of the bladder to the pelvic wall

Free edge of the ligament is called the round ligament of the bladder which contains the remnant of umbilical arteries

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43
Q

Describe the median ligament of the bladder.

A

Connects the ventral surface of the bladder to the pelvic symphysis and linea alba

In the fetus, contains the urachus and umbilical vein (free edge of falciform ligament) form the embilical cord

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44
Q

What does the Urethra carry?

A

In female: exclusively serves to convey urine

In male: urine, semen, and seminal secreations

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45
Q

Describe the Male urethra.

A

Extends from an internal opening at the bladder neck to an external opening at the end of the penis.

Two parts:

Pelvic part (internal part)

Penile part (external part)

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46
Q

What are the male genital organs?

A

Scrotum

Testes

Epididymis

Ductus deferens

Spermatic cord

Accessory sex glands

Urethra

Penis

Blood Supply

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47
Q

Describe the scrotum.

A

Located between the thighs in the inguinal region

A pouch of skin divided by a median septum into two compartments

Each compartment has a testis, an epididymis, and the distal part of the spermatic cord

The left testis is usually farther caudal than right (prevent friction?)

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48
Q

What is the scrotal raphe?

A

External mark of the scrotal septum.

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49
Q

What are the layers of the scrotum?

A

Skin - thin, pigmented, covered with few hairs

Tunica dartos - smooth muscle layer, contraction causes the scrotal skin to retract and draw the testes close to the body

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50
Q

What is the scrotal ligament?

A

Connects the tunica dartos to the ligament of the tail of the epididymis.

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51
Q

Describe the scrotum of the cat, and what is different about the cat penis.

A

Located just ventral to the anus

Lies on the short, caudally directed penis (most species cranial)

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52
Q

Descrbe the testes.

A

Located in the scrotum obliquely with long axis running dorsocaudally

Nearly spherical, enclosed in tunica vaginalis, spermatic and cremasteric fascia, which are connected to tunica dartos

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53
Q

Where does the Epididymis attach to the testes?

A

Epididymis is attached to the dorsolateral surface of testis, which head at the cranial extremity and tail at the caudal extremity.

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54
Q

What are the layers of the testes?

A

Scrotal skin

Tunica dartos

Scrotal septum

External spermatic fascia

Parietal layer of vaginal tunic

Visceral layer of vaginal tunic

Tunica albuginea

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55
Q

What is number 1?

A

Tunica albuginea

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56
Q

What is number 2?

A

Visceral vaginal tunic

57
Q

What is number 3?

A

Vaginal cavity

58
Q

What is number 4?

A

Parietal vaginal tunic

59
Q

What is number 5?

A

Internal spermatic fascia

60
Q

What is number 6?

A

External spermatic fascia

61
Q

What is number 7?

A

Skin and dartos

62
Q

What are the testes attachments?

A

Proper ligament of the testis

Ligament of the tail of the epididymis

Scrotal ligament

63
Q

Describe the Proper ligament of the testis.

A

Attaches the testis to the tail of the epididymis

64
Q

Describe the ligament of the tail of the epididymis.

A

Attaches the tail of the epididymis to the vaginal tunic and spermatic fascia

65
Q

Describe the scrotal ligament.

A

Attaches the tunica dartos and ligament of the tail of the epididymis.

66
Q

Describe the Epididymis.

A

Spermatozoa are stored before ejaculation

Lies along the dorsolateral border of testis

67
Q

What are the three parts of the Epididymis.

A

Head (caput) - begins on cranial medial surface of testis but immediately twists towards the lateral side

Body (carpus) - runs along the dorsolateral surface of testis

Tail (cauda epididymis) - attached to the caudal extremity of testis by the proper ligament of the testis

68
Q

What attaches the medial edge of the Epididymis to the testis?

A

visceral vaginal tunic called

Mesorchium

69
Q

What doe the Epididymis continue craniodorsally as?

A

Ductus deferens

70
Q

Describe the mesorchium.

A

(Visceral vaginal tunic) extends medially over the lateral surface of epididymis to form a potential space called the testicular bursa.

71
Q

What is the location of the testicual bursa?

A
72
Q

It is limited cranially and caudally by the epididymal head and tail.

A
73
Q

What are the ductus deferens a continuation of?

A

The tail of the epididymis.

74
Q

How do the ductus deferens enter the abdominal cavity?

A

The ductus deferens enter the abdominal cavity at the vaginal ring.

Right and left ducts enter the genital fold???

75
Q

Where are the ductus deferens located?

A

Passes cranially along the dorsomedial border of testis.

76
Q

Describe the Blood supply of the Testis and Epididymis.

A

Testicular artery

Artery of ductus deferens

(Testicular v. follows the arterial pattern by forms an extensive plexus, pampiniform plexus.)

77
Q

What makes up the Pampiniform plexus?

A

Testicular vein

78
Q

Where does the spermatic cord travel?

A

Begins at the vaginal ring

Pass through the inguinal canal during the descent of testis.

79
Q

What makes up the Anatomical spermatic cord?

A

Ductus deferens and its vessels

Mesoductus deferens

Testicular artery

Testicular veins that form pampiniform plexus

Lymphatics of testis and epididymis

Testicular nerve plexus

Mesorchium

80
Q

What makes up the Surgical/Clinical spermatic cord?

A

Cremaster m.

Parietal vaginal tunic

Plus, All of the Anatomical spermatic cord parts:
Ductus deferens and its vessels
Mesoductus deferens
Testicular artery
Testicular veins that form pampiniform plexus
Lymphatics of testis and epididymis
Testicular nerve plexus
Mesorchium

81
Q

What is the difference between a closed and open castraction.

A

Open: Cut one vaginal tunic

82
Q

What are the accessory sex glands?

A

Ampullary gland (minor) (quite small - can not see grossly)

Prostate (major)

83
Q

Where is the prostate located?

A

Completely surrounds the urethra at the nect of the bladder

Dorsally bound by rectum, ventrally by the pubis symphysis and ventral abdominal wall

84
Q

Describe the surfaces of the Prostate.

A

Dorsal surface covered by peritoneum

Ventral surface is retroperitoneal

A median septum divids it into right and left lobes

85
Q

Describe how the ductus deferens interact with the prostate.

A

Two ductus deferens enter the craniodorsal surface, run through the prostate to open into the urethra by two slits on each side of a hillock, colliculus seminalis

86
Q

What are the three divisions of the penis?

A

Root:
Left and right cura
Bulb of the penis

Body:
Two adjacent corpora cavernosa

Glans:
Bulbus glandis
Pars longa glandis

87
Q

True/False: In non-erect state the glans is entirely withdrawn into the prepuce.

A

True

88
Q

Describe the Crus of the penis.

A

Proximal end of the corpus cavernosum penis

Originate from ischiatic tuberosity

Surrounded by ischiocavernosus m.

89
Q

Describe the bulb of penis.

A

Lies between the cura

Partially bilobed

Continuous with corpus spongiosum surround the caudal part of the urethra

Externally covered by bulbospongiosus m.

90
Q

Describe the body of the penis.

A

The body begins where the two crura join distal to the bulb

Includes corpus cavernosa, corpus spongiosus and the urethra

Enveloped by tunica albuginea

91
Q

Describe the glans of the penis:

Pars longa glandis

Bulbus glandis

Os penis - surrounded by glans penis

A
92
Q

What is the os penis surrounded by?

A

glans penis

93
Q

Describe bulbus glandis.

A

Barrel-shaped cavernous expansion of corpus spongiosum

Surrounds the proximal third of the os penis

Not distinct in non-erect stage

Functions to provide the “tie” or “lock” during copulation

Separated from pars longa glandis by connective tissue septum

94
Q

Describe pars longa glandis.

A

There is no connection between it and the corpus spongiosum

A short, large vein on each side drains the pars longa glandis into the cavernous bulbus glandis.

95
Q

What is the os penis an ossification of?

A

corpora cavernosa

96
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

Fold of the skin, that covers the glans of the penis in the retracted state.

97
Q

What is the external lamina of the prepuce?

A

Haired skin of the outer surface

Continuous with the skin of the abdominal wall

98
Q

What is the internal lamina of the prepuce?

A

In contact with the penis

Terminates at the fornix

99
Q

What is the preputial orifice?

A

External and and the internal lamina meet

100
Q

What is the preputial fornix?

A

Internal lamina reflect onto the glans penis.

101
Q

What are the penis muscles?

A

Ischiocavernosus m.

Bulbospongiosus m.

Retractor penis m.

Isciourethralis m.

102
Q

Describe the Ischiocavernosus m of the penis.

A

Ischiatic tubersoity

Enclose the crura

103
Q

Describe the Bulbospongiosus m. of the penis.

A

Surrounds the bulb of the penis

Arises from the external anal sphincter

104
Q

Describe the Retractor penis m.

A

Smooth muscle mainly

Arises from the first two caudal vertebrae

105
Q

Describe the Ischiourethralis m. of the penis.

A

Originates from the ischiatic tuberosity

Inserts into a fibrous ring that encircles the dorsal vein of the penis

106
Q

What is the major blood supply of the penis?

A

Internal pudendal artery and vein

Ventral perineal artery and vein

Deep artery and vein of penis

Artery and vein of bulbus penis

Dorsal artery and vein of penis

107
Q

What are all of the female genital organs?

A

Broad ligament

Ovaries

Uterine tube

Uterus

Vagina

Vestibule

Vulva

Clitoris

Blood supply

108
Q

What is the boad ligament composed of and what does it contain?

A

Paired double folds of peritoneum attaching the ovaries, uterine tube and uterus to the dorsolateral walls of abdominal cavity and lateral walls of pelvic cavity.

Also contains vessels and nerves to the genitalia and fat.

109
Q

What are the three regions of the broad ligament?

A

Mesovarium - ovary

Mesosalpinx - uterine tube

Mesometrium - uterus

110
Q

What does the mesovarium attach?

A

Mesovarium - attaches the ovary to the dorsolateral region of the abdominal wall.

111
Q

What doe the mesosalpinx attach?

A

Mesosalpinx - extends laterally from the mexovarium and attaches the uterine tube

112
Q

What is the ovarian bursa?

A

Ovarina bursa - mesovarium and mesosalpinx form a small punch enclosing the ovary.

113
Q

What does the mesometrium attach?

A

Mesometerium - continuous with the mesovarium and attaches the uterine horms and uterine body

114
Q

What is the round ligament of the uterus?

A

A fibrous cord that runs in the free border of laterally extended mesometrium from the ovary to inguinal canal.

115
Q

What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

Runs from middle and ventral thrids of 12th and/or 13th rib to ventral aspect of ovary.

116
Q

What is the proper ligament of the ovary?

A

Caudal continuation of suspensory ligament of the ovary attaching the ovary to the uterine horn.

117
Q

What is the ovary?

A

Female gonad, produces oocyte

Also and endorine gland - estrogen and progesterone

Lies caudal to the kidney

118
Q

What is the shape/apperance of the ovary?

A

Smooth in appearance before estrus; rough and nodular in multiparous bitches.

119
Q

What are the extremities of the ovary?

A

Tubal extremity

Uterine extremity

120
Q

What are the borders of the ovary?

A

Free border

Mesovarian border

121
Q

What is the Uterine tube and what are other names for it?

A

Transports oocytes to the uterus.

(Fallopian tube, salpinx, or oviduct)

122
Q

What are Fimbriae?

A

Finger like projections extending from the infundibulum that capture an ovulated oocyte.

123
Q

What is the Infundibulum?

A

thin walled funnel with a small opening called abdominal ostium that leads into the tubular part; site of fertilization.

124
Q

What is the uterine ostium?

A

The opening of the uterine tube into the horn of the uterus, externally at the tubouterine junction.

125
Q

What is the Uterus?

A

Transports sperm to uterine tube; conduction, implantation and nourishment of the developing young.

Y-shapped, communicated with uterine tubes cranially and the vagina caudally.

126
Q

What are the three parts of the Uterus?

A

Horns (2)

Body

Cervix

127
Q

Describe the Horns of the Uterus.

A

Left and right are the same size

Connected to the ovary by proper ligament of ovary

Located in the abdominal cavity

Peritoneum unites the two horns for a short distace before converging to form uterine body

Internally the partition is called Uterine velum

Open separately into the uterine body.

128
Q

Describe the body of the Uterus.

A

Located in both abdominal and pelvic cavity

Simple muscular tube of varying length

129
Q

Describe the cervix of the Uterus.

A

The most caudal part of the uterus

Lies diagonally (obliquely) across the uterovaginal junction

Lumen of the cervis, cervical canal is narrow and extends from internal uterine orifice to external uterine orfice.

130
Q

Describe the Vagina.

A

Dilatable canal extending from uterus to vestibule

Very long in dogs

Most of it is retroperitoneal (only crainal part is covered by peritoneum)

Longitudinal folds that have transverse folds - ability ot enlarge in both diameter and lenght

131
Q

What is the vaginal fornix?

A

Cranial part of vagina that extends cranial to the cervix.

132
Q

What is the vetibule?

A

Connects the vagina with external genital opening, the vulva

No mucosal folds

Urethral tubercle - a ridge like projection on the cranio-ventral wall, contains the external urethral orifice

Vestibular bulb - a nodular erective tissue on each lateral wall.

133
Q

What is the urethral tubercle?

A

A ridge like projection on the cranio-ventral wall, contains the exernal urethral orifice.

134
Q

What is the ventibular bulb?

A

a nodular erective tissue on each lateral wall

135
Q

What are the exteral female genitalia?

A

Vulva

Clitoris

Urethra

136
Q

Describe the vulva

A

Lies caudal to vestibule

Consists of two lips, labii joined dorsally and ventrally by commissures and separated by a narrow cleft, rima pudendi

137
Q

Describe the clitoris.

A

Homologue of male penis

Located in the floor of the vestibule near the vulva

Os clitoridis can be present.

138
Q

What does the clitoris consist of?

A

A pair of crura

Body

Glans - projects into fossa clitoridis

139
Q

What is the blood supply of the female gential organs.

A

Ovarian a.
Uterine br.
Tubal br.

Internal pudendal a.
Vaginal a.
Uterine a.
Artery of the clitoris
Artery of the vestibular bulb

Gross Anatomy I (18 decks)

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