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Gross Anatomy I > Abdominal Cavity > Flashcards

Abdominal Cavity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Inguinal Canal?

A

Passageway for the descent of the testies and spermatic cord.

Extends from the superficial inguinal ring to the deep inguinal ring.

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2
Q

Where is the Superficial inguinal ring located, and what is its shape?

A

Slit-like opening into the aponeurosis of the

External Abdominal Oblique

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3
Q

Where is the Deep inguinal ring located and what is its shape?

A

Triangular opening

Cranial border: Internal Abdominal Oblique (caudal border)

Medial border: Rectus abdominis (lateral border)

Caudal border: Inguinal ligament (caudal end of the External Abdominal Oblique)

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4
Q

What doe the Inguinal canal include?

A

Spermatic cord or vaginal process

External cremaster muscle

External pudendal artery and vein

Genitofemoral nerve

Efferent duct of the superficial inguinal lymph node

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5
Q

What are the boarders (landmarks) for the Abdominal Quadrants?

A

Center: Umbilicus

Median: Linea alba

Cross Section: L2 vertebra

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6
Q

What does the Abdominal Cavity contain?

A

Stomach —> Decending colon
Liver
Pancreas
Spleen
Kidneys
Female reproductive tract
Nerve plexuses
Vessels
Lymph nodes
Omental structures

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7
Q

What are the borders of the Abdominal Cavity?

A

Diaphragm - cranially, bilaterally
Lumbar vertebrae, Sublumbar muscles - dorsally
Abdominal muscles (EAO, IAO, TA) - bilaterally
Rectus abdominis, Rectus sheath and the linea alba - ventrally
Pelvic inlet - caudally continuous with the pelvic cavity

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8
Q

What is the Linea alba, what is it made up of, and what is its origin and insertion?

A

Midventral raphe

Formed by the aponeurotic insertions of the abdominal muscles.

Origin: Xiphoid cartilage

Blends with the prepublic tendon

Insertion: Pelvic symphysis

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9
Q

What are the layers of the Linea alba?

A

Aponerosis of:

External Abdominal Oblique M.

Internal Abdominal Oblique M.

Transversus Abdominis M.

Transverse fascia

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10
Q

What is peritoneum?

A

Largest and the most complex arranged serous membrance in the body.

Male: closed sac

Female: opens into the peritoneal cavity, via the ovarian bursa by the free end of the uterine tubes (abdominal ostium)

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11
Q

What is the function of Peritoneum?

A

Reduce friction between parts

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12
Q

What is underlined by the transverse fascia?

A

Peritoneum

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13
Q

What are the parts of Peritoneum?

A

Parietal peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum

Peritoneal cavity in-between

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14
Q

What are the boundaries of Pariental Peritoneum?

A

Abdominal wall

Abdominal surface of the diaphragm

Pelvic cavity (cranial portion)

Scrotal cavity and caginal process

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15
Q

What are the forms of Parietal Peritoneum?

A

Parietal vaginal tunics of spermatic cord and vaginal process

Vaginal rings (peritoneal cavity continuous w/ cavity of the vagnal tunic)

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16
Q

Where is the Visceral Peritoneum?

A

In the abdominal cavity

In the pelvic cavity (cranial portion)

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17
Q

What is the Peritoneal Cavity?

A

Potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum.

Contains small amount of serous fluid.

DOES NOT CONTAIN ORGANS!

Ova ovulate into the peritoneal cavity.

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18
Q

What are the parts of the Peritoneal cavity?

A

Greater sac (main region)

Lesser sac (omental bursa)

Epiploic foramen (communication between the two sacs)

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19
Q

Where is the Pararectal fossa?

A

Each side of the mesorectum

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20
Q

Where is the Rectogenital pouch?

A

Female:

  • rectum dorsally
  • vagina (cranial part) ventrally

Male:

  • rectum dorsally
  • genital fold ventrally
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21
Q

Where is the Vesicogenital pouch?

A

Female:

  • vagina (cranial part) dorsally
  • bladder and its lateral ligament ventrally

Male:

  • genital fold dorsally
  • bladder and its lateral ligament ventrally
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22
Q

Where is the Pubovesical pouch?

A

Between the flood of the pelvis and the bladder

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23
Q

What is the Mesentery and what are its function?

A

Double layer of peritoneum, which suspends most of the freely movable organs to the body walls

Supplies route for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

Many cases contains lymph nodes

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24
Q

What makes up the ‘Root of the Mesentery’ and where is is located?

A

Attaches to the dorsal abdominal wall (L1-L2)

Cranial mesenteric artery

Lymphatics

Mesenteric nerve plexus

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25
What are the two parts of the Mesentery?
Dorsal Mesentery Ventral Mesentery
26
What are the parts of the Dorsal Mesentery?
Greater omentum (embryo - dorsal mesogastrium) Mesoduodenum (contains the right lobe of the pancreas) Mesojejunum (Great Mesentery) Mesoileum (Great Mesentery) Mesocolon (ascending, transverse, decending) Mesorectum
27
What is the location of the Great Mesentery?
Continuous Cranially: deep leaf of the greater omentum Caudally: descending mesocolon
28
What is the Ventral Mesentery?
Mainly derived from ventral mesogastrium.
29
What makes up the Ventral Mesentery?
Lesser omentum Falciform ligament (embryo - Umbilical vein) Median ligament of the Urinary bladder (embryo - Urachus) Antimesenteric folds or ligaments (eg. Ileocecal fold)
30
What is the Omentum (Epiploon)?
Fold of peritoneum passing from the stomach to: - dorsal abdominal wall - the visceral surface of the liver - from the cranial part of the duodenum to the visceral surface of the liver
31
What are the parts of the Omentum (Epiploon)?
Greater omentum Lesser omentum
32
What is the Greater Omentum?
Areolar, four-layer peritoneal fold.
33
Where is the Greater Omentum dervied from?
Dorsal Mesogastrium
34
Where is the Greater Omentum located and what are its three parts?
Extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the dorsal abdominal wall. Parts: Superficial Leaf Deep Leaf Omental Bursa
35
Describe the Superficial Leaf of the Greater Omentum.
Double layered (not able to grossly seperate) Contans the spleen Gastrospenic ligament - subdivision of the superficial leaf
36
Describe the Deep Leaf of the Greater Omentum.
Double Layered Contains the Left lobe of the pancreas.
37
Describe the Omental Bursa of the Greater Omentum.
Between the superficial and deep layer Stomach, liver, pancreas, greater and lesser omentum form the walls.
38
Where is the Lesser Omentum and where is it derived from?
Passes from the lesser curvature of the stomach and cranial part of the duodenum to the visceral surface of the liver. Lays over the papillary process of the caudate lobe of the liver. Derived from the Ventral Mesogastrium.
39
What are the parts of the Lesser Omentum?
Hepatogastric ligament Hepatoduodenal ligament ? Continuous/contiguous with the Mesoduodenum bile duct seperates the hepatoduodenal lig. and the mesoduodenum
40
What is the Epiploic Foramen (Foramen of Winslow)?
Short (about 3 cm), vertically flattened passage, which leads from the omental bursa to the peritoneal cavity.
41
What are the borders of the Epiploic Foramen?
Dorsal Boundary: Caudal vena cava Ventral Boundary: Portal Vein Lateral Boundary: Caudate process of the liver
42
What is the Clinical relevance of the Epiploic Foramen?
Area is the most common site of the extrahepatic portosystemic shunts.
43
What makes up the small intestine?
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
44
What makes up the Large Intestine?
Cecum Colon Rectum Anal Canal
45
Describe the stomach (Gaster).
Sac-shaped enlargement of the alimentary canal between the esophagus and the duodenum.
46
Where is the stomach located?
Left cranial quadrant, caudal to the liver.
47
Describe where the empty stomach is located.
Intrathoracic part of the abdominal cavity - can't palpate Separated from the abdominal wall
48
What is number 1?
Stomach
49
What is number 2?
Spleen
50
What is number 3?
Liver
51
Where is a moderately full stomach located?
T9-T11 Contact with the abdominal wall Palpable
52
Where is a greatly distended stomach located?
T9-L2/L3 Extends into the caudal abdominal quadrants Extensive contact with the abdominal wall Easily palpable
53
What does the parietal surface of the stomach contact?
The liver and the diaphram | (NOT covered by the greater omentum)
54
Where does the visceral surface of the stomach contact?
the Intestine and the Pancreas | (covered by the greater omentum)
55
What is the surface at number 1, be specific?
Parietal surface of the stomach
56
What is the surface at number 2, be specific?
Visceral surface of the stomach
57
What is number 3?
Intestine mass
58
What is number 4?
Liver
59
What are the regions of the stomach?
Cardiac portion Fundus Body Pyloric portion
60
Describe the cardiac portion of the stomach.
Surrounds the cardiac opening
61
Describe the Fundus portion of the stomach.
Blind sac dorsal to the cardia
62
Describe the body portion of the stomach.
Middle portion between the fundus and pyloric portion
63
What are the two parts of the Pyloric portion of the stomach, describe each.
**Pyloric antrum** : thin-walled, wider proximal part **Pyloric canal** : thick-walled, narrower distal part
64
What is number 1?
Cardiac portion of the stomach
65
What is number 2?
Esophagus
66
What is number 3?
Fundus region of the stomach
67
What is number 4?
Body region of the stomach
68
What is number 5?
Pyloric portion of the stomach
69
Describe the curvatures of the stomach.
* *Greater curvature** - convex ventral border - extending from the cardia to the pylorus (long way) * *Lesser curvature** - concave dorsal border - extending from the cardia to the pylorus (short way)
70
Describe the openings of the stomach.
* *Cardiac ostium (cardia)** - inlet : controlled by the cardiac sphincter * *Pyloric ostium (pylorus)** - outlet : controlled by the pyloric sphincter
71
Describe the notches of the stomach.
* *Cardiac notch** - between the cardia and the fundus * *Angular notch** - lower part of the lesser curvature
72
What is number 1?
Gastric groove
73
What is number 2?
Esophagus
74
What is number 3?
Cardiac notch
75
What is number 4?
Cardiac ostium and cardiac sphinter
76
What is number 5?
Fundus
77
What is number 6?
Body
78
What is number 7?
Greater curvature
79
What is number 8?
Rugae - gastric folds
80
What is number 9?
Pyloric antrum
81
What is number 10?
Pyloric ostium and pyloric sphincter
82
What is number 11?
Pyloric canal
83
What is number 12?
Angular notch
84
What is the red line without a number at the top pointing towards?
Lesser curvature
85
What is number 13?
Common bile duct
86
What is number 14?
Major duodenal papilla
87
What is number 15?
Pancreatic duct
88
What is number 16?
Minor duodenal papilia
89
What is number 17?
Accessory pancreatic duct
90
What is the ligament that connects the Liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Hepatogastric ligament
91
What is the ligament that connects the Greater curvature of the stomach to the Spleen?
Gastrosplenic ligament
92
What is the ligament that connects the Esophageal hiatus to the Cardia of the stomach?
Gastrophrenic ligament
93
Whare the parts of the Small Intestine?
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
94
What are the parts of the Large Intestine?
Cecum Colon Rectum Anus
95
What is B?
Duodenum of the Small Intestine
96
What is C?
Jejunum of the Small Intestine
97
What is D?
Ileum of the Small Intestine
98
What is E?
Cecum
99
What is F?
Colon
100
What is F'?
Colon
101
What is G?
Colon
102
What is H?
Colon
103
What is O?
Right colic flexure
104
What is O'?
Left colic flexure
105
What is J?
Rectum
106
What is K?
Anus
107
What quadrand is the cranial duodenal flexure in?
Right cranial quadrant
108
What ligament is attached ot the cranial duodenal flexure?
Hepatoduodenal ligament (part of the lesser omentum)
109
What quadrant is the Decending duodenum located?
Right cranial quadrant --\> Right caudal quadrant Lies directly against the right dorsolateral abdominal wall
110
What attaches the Decending duodenum?
Mesoduodenum - right lobe of the pancrease
111
What quadrant is the Caudal duodenal flexure (transverse part) located?
Right caudal quadrant --\> Left caudal quadrant Caudal to the root of the mesentery
112
What quadrant is the Ascending duodenum located?
Left caudal quadrant --\> Left cranial quadrant
113
What attaches the Ascending duodenum?
Duodenocolic fold ( Ascending duodenum - Descending (meso) colon)
114
Where is the Duodenal fossa located?
Cranially, at the level of the duodenojejunal flexure
115
Where is the Duodenojejunal flexure?
Left side of the root of the mesentery Continued by the jejunum
116
What is number 1?
Duodenojejunal flexure
117
What is number 2?
Duodenocolic fold
118
What is number 3?
Caudal duodenal flexure
119
What is number 4?
Ascending duodenum
120
What is number 5?
Descending duodenum
121
What is number 6?
Cranial duodenal flexure
122
What is number 7?
Stomach
123
What is number 8?
Left lobe of the pancreas
124
What is number 9?
Jejunum
125
What is number 10?
Ileocecal fold
126
What is number 11?
Ileum
127
What is number 12?
Right lobe of the Pancreas
128
What is number 13?
Body of the pancreas
129
Which quadrant is the Jejunum located?
It is nearly equally distributed in all quadrants.
130
What is the longest part of the small intestine?
Jejunum
131
What is the Jejunum covered by?
Greater Omentum
132
What is the the Jejunum suspended by?
Mesojejunum
133
What lies against the ventral and lateral abdominal wall?
Jejunum
134
What is the short terminal segment of the small intestine?
Ileum
135
Where is the Ileum located, and what quadrent can it be found in?
Caudal to the root of the mesentery Left caudal quadrant --\> Right caudal quadrant (usually)
136
This lenght of the Ileum is determined by the?
Extent of the antimesenteric ileal artery (and the ileocecal fold)
137
What is surrounded by the ileal papilla?
Ileocolic orifice (Ileal orifice)
138
Where does the Ileocolic orifice lead?
Ascending colon
139
Describe the Cecum?
Short, initial blind-ending part of the large intestine
140
How is the Cecum attached?
Ileocecal fold | (attached to the ileum)
141
What quadrant is the Cecum located?
Right caudal/cranial quadrant
142
Where does the Cecocolic orifice empty into?
Colon
143
True/False: The Cecum does not communicate with the ileum directly.
True
144
True/False: The Vermiform appendix is not present in the Cecum?
True
145
Where do whipworms form?
Cecum
146
What quadrant is the Ascending colon located in?
Right caudal quadrant --\> Right cranial quadrant
147
What is the shortest portion of the colon?
Ascending colon
148
What quadrant is the Right colic flexure located in?
Right cranial quadrant
149
What quadrant is the Transverse colon located in?
Right cranial quadrant --\> left cranial quadrant
150
What part of the colon is cranial to the root of the mesentery?
Transverse colon
151
What quadrant is the Left colic flexure located in?
Left cranial quadrant
152
What quadrant is the descending colon located in?
Left cranial quadrant --\> Left caudal quadrant
153
What is the longest portion of the colon?
Descending colon
154
What does the Duodenocolic fold attach?
Descending colon --\> ascending duodenum
155
What is number 1?
Ascending colon
156
What is number 2?
Right colic flexure
157
What is number 3?
Transverse colon
158
What is number 4?
Left colic flexure
159
What is number 5?
Descending colon
160
What are the two parts of the rectum?
Cranial portion Caudal portion
161
Where does the cranial portion of the retum begin?
Pelvic inlet
162
Where is the cranial rectum located?
Located in the pararectal fossa
163
What is the cranial rectum covered by?
Covered by peritoneum
164
What is the cranial rectum suspended by?
Suspended by mesorectum
165
Where is the caudal portion of the rectum located?
Caudal to the pararectal fossa
166
What is the caudal portion of the rectum covered in?
Retroperitoneal?
167
What is rectal ampulla?
Dilatation of the rectum
168
Describe the anal canal.
Very short, terminal portion of the alimentary canal.
169
Whare the the three zones of the anal canal?
Columnar zone (cranial part) Intermediate zone (middle part) Cutaneous zone (caudal part)
170
Where are the anal sacs located?
Cutaneous zone (caudal part) Anal sacs open into the inner part or the cutaneous zone.
171
Where are the circumanal glands located?
Cutaneous zone (caudal part) Circumanal glands opens into the outer part.
172
Where is the ancutaneous line located?
Intermediate zone (middle part)
173
Where is the anorectal line located?
Columnar zone (cranial part)
174
What are the anal collumns?
Longitudinal folds located in the columnar zone (cranial part)
175
What are the anal sinuses?
Grooves located in the columnar zone (cranial part)
176
What is number 1?
Stomach
177
What is number 2?
Cranial duodenal flexure
178
What is number 3?
Descending duodenum
179
What is number 4?
Caudal duodenal flexure
180
What is number 5?
Ascending duodenum
181
What is number 6?
DJF
182
What is number 7?
Jejunum
183
What is number 9?
Ileum
184
What is number 10?
Ascending colon
185
What is number 11?
Cecum
186
What is number 12?
RCF
187
What is number 13?
Transverse colon
188
What is number 14?
LCF
189
What is number 15?
Descending colon
190
What is number 16?
Descending colon
191
What is number 17?
Midline
192
What is the largest gland in the body?
Liver (Hepar)
193
What is the function of the liver?
Bile - stored in the gallbladder Carbahydrate, fat and protein metabolism Inactivating hormones Detoxifiying foreign substances and therapeutic agents
194
What is the size and weight of the liver?
Depends on body weight and age (2-3% of body weight) Great variation in size between individuals Old age shows atrophy
195
What quadrent is the liver located in?
Left and right cranial quadrant, behind the diaphragm
196
Right lateral lobe and the caudate process of the liver abut which organ?
Right Kidney
197
True or False: The liver is palpable in a healthy adult dog.
FALSE The liver is NOT palpable in a healthy dog.
198
Describe the diaphragmatic (parietal) surface of the Liver.
Convex in all directions. Contacts with caudal aspect of the diaphragm
199
Describe the visceral surface of the liver.
Concave (irregularly) Contacts with stomach, duodenum, colon, right kidney, spleen.
200
What surface is number 1?
Diaphragmatic (parietal) Convex in all direction Contacts with caudal aspect of the diaphragm.
201
What surface is number 2?
Visceral Concave (irregularly) Contacts with stomach, duodenum, colon, right kidney, spleen.
202
What is number 1?
Caudal vena cava
203
What is number 9?
Esophogeal Impression
204
What is number 2?
Right lobe of the liver
205
What is number 3?
Hepatic porat with portal vein and hepatic artery
206
What is number 4?
Gall bladder
207
What is number 5?
Falciform ligament with the round ligament
208
What is number 6?
Quadrate lobe of the liver
209
What is number 7?
Caudate lobe of the liver
210
What is number 8?
Caudate lobe of the liver
211
What are the sections of the left liver lobe?
Left lateral lobe Left medial lobe
212
What are the sections of the right liver lobe?
Right lateral lobe Right medial lobe
213
What are the sections of the Quadrate lobe?
Quadrate lobe (only)
214
What are the sections of the Caudate lobe?
Caudate process Papillary process (Isthmus)
215
Where to take a biopsy of the liver?
Left to of the Xiphoid process to avoid hitting the liver.
216
What ligament surrouds the caudal vena cava and connects the triangular ligaments to the falciform ligament?
Coronary ligament
217
What does the right triangular ligament connect?
Right lateral lobe --\> Right crus of the diaphragm
218
What does the left triangular ligament connect?
Left lateral lobe --\> left crus of the diaphragm
219
What does the hepatorenal ligament connect?
Caudate process of caudate lobe of the liver --\> Right kidney (cranial pole)
220
What are the ligaments of the liver?
Coronary ligament Triangular ligaments (Right/Left) Hepatorenal ligament Falciform ligament Hepatogastric ligament Hepatoduodenal ligament
221
What is the location of the gallbladder?
Between Quadrate and Right medial lobe on the visceral surface.
222
What is the function of the Gallbladder?
Stores the bile temporarily.
223
What are the parts of the Gallbladder?
Fundus Body Neck
224
What is the path of bile from the Gall bladder to the Duodenum?
Gallbladder --\> Cystic duct (Right and left hepatic ducts --\>) --\> Bile duct --\> Duodenum - major duodenal papilla
225
What is number 1?
Gallbladder
226
What is number 2?
Hepatic ducts
227
What is number 3?
Cystic duct
228
What is number 4?
Bile duct
229
What is number 5?
Intramural bile duct
230
What is number 6?
Major duodenal papilla
231
Where is the left lobe of the pancrease located?
The deep leaf of the greater omentum
232
Which lobe of the pancrease is the most common site for biopsy?
Left lobe
233
Which lobe of the pancrease if shorter and thicker?
Left lobe
234
What is the body of the pancrease?
Central part, which unites the two lobes.
235
Where is the right lobe of the pancreas located?
In the descending mesoduodenum.
236
How far does the right lobe of the pancrease travel down the descending duodenum?
It follows the descending duodenum until the caudal duodenal flexure.
237
What are the two pancreatic ducts and where do they open in to?
Pancreative Duct --\> Major Duodenal Papilla Accessory Pancreatic Duct --\> Mino Duodenal Papilla
238
True or False: The Pancreatic duct is smaller in dogs and large in cats as compared to the Accessory Pancreatic duct.
True **Pancreatic Duct :** Smaller duct in the dog (feline -larger) **Accessory Pancreatic Duct:** Larger duct in the dog (feline - present only 20%)
239
What does the Pancreatic duct drain?
Pancreatic duct drains the right lobe and the left lobe of the pancrease (usually)
240
What does the Accessory Pancreatic duct drain?
Accessory Pancreatic Duct drains the left lobe and the right lobe of the pancreas (usually)
241
What is number 1?
Pyloric part of stomach
242
What is number 2?
Accessory Pancreatic duct
243
What is number 3?
Minor duodenal papilla
244
What is number 4?
Duodenum
245
What is number 5?
Pancreatic duct
246
What is number 6?
Major duodenal papilla
247
What is number 7?
Intramural bile duct
248
What is number 8?
Bile duct
249
What quadrant is the spleen (Lien) located?
Left cranial and left caudal quadrants (if small only in the left cranial)
250
What is the shape of the Spleen (Lien)?
Toungue Shaped (+/-)
251
What are the surfaces of the Spleen?
**Parietal** - faces the diaphragm, and laterla abdominal wall (left) **Visceral** - faces the stomach and the intestines
252
Where is the Hilus of the Spleen (Lien)?
Visceral surface Branches of the Splenic artery and the vein
253
What is number 1?
Dorsal extremity
254
What is number 2?
Hilus
255
What is number 3?
Splenic Artery and Vein
256
What is number 4?
Caudal border
257
What is number 5?
Ventral extremity
258
What is number 6?
Cranial border

Gross Anatomy I (18 decks)

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