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A & P Lecture: Dr. Shellhammer > Urogenital & Reproductive System > Flashcards

Urogenital & Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urogenital system consist of?

A

reproductive and urinary system which are grouped bc of close proximity

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2
Q

Where does the urogenital tissue develop?

A

Mesoderm of embryo

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3
Q

WHat are functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. Regulation
  • of blood volume & composition
  • blood pressure
  • pH
  1. Filtration
  2. Secretion and excretion of soluble waste
  3. Production of hormones and enxymes
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4
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

A hormone produced in urinary system; under hypoxia it stimulates erythropoiesis

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5
Q

What is renin?

A

An enzyme produced in urinary system that starts activation of protein shortening to trigger a chain of hormone release including angiotensin II then aldosterone. (these hormones regulate ion reabsorption for regulation of water volume and blood pressure.

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6
Q

What is the primary excretory organ?

A

Kidneys. Primary nitrogenous waste = urea

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7
Q

Where does urea come from (biologically)?

A

Protein metabolism:

  • proteins are denatured by stomach acid
  • enzmes break down proteins into peptides & amino acids
  • urea is left
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8
Q

How do fish, reptiles, and birds get rid of ammonia/uric acid? How do Humans & terrestrial animals get rid of it?

A
  • fish secrete ammonia into water and it dilutes out
  • reptiles & birds excrete concentrated uric acid
  • Humans have to dilute uric acid with lots of water since it has a pH of about 11/6.
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9
Q

What is the difference between urea and uric acid?

A

Urea is much less toxic and doesn’t require diluting with water. pH is about 7.5, it serves as a nitrogen source for the animal

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10
Q

What forms in joints as Gout develops?

A

Uric acid crystals in joints form

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11
Q

What is a renal calculus?

A

AKA Kidney stone. A crystal formation from dietary minerals in urine

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12
Q

What is the function of the Testes?

A

produce sperm and secrete hormones

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13
Q

What does seman contain?

A

sperm, secretions provided by accessory sex glands

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14
Q

How does the scrotum keep sperm at optimal temperature?

A

Optimal temperature is lower than body temp by ~2/3 degrees.

Since the scrotom is outside the pelvic cavity sperm can be kept at a lower temperature.

When it is cold, skeletal muscles contract to elevate testes to absorb more heat from the body. When hot, they relax and give off heat.

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15
Q

How are testes divided internally?

A

With lobules: internal compartments

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16
Q

What do lobules contain?

A

200-300 lobules contain 1-3 coiled seminiferous tubules.

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17
Q

What do seminiferous tubules do?

A

Produce sperm through spermatogenesis

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18
Q

What are staged of spermatogenesis?

A

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

spermiogenesis

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19
Q

How many chromosomes do somatic cells contain?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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20
Q

What are homologous Chromosomes?

A

2 chromosomes that make up a pair.

contain similar genes arranged in similar order.

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21
Q

What kind of cell is a somatic cell?

A

Diploid cell necause it has 2 sets of chromosomes.

2n= diploid

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22
Q

How does a gamete differ from a somatic cell?

A

Contain (a single set of) 23 chromosomes

Called Haploid cells (n)

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23
Q

In sexual reproduction, how does an organism result?

A

Fusion of 2 different gametes, one from each parent,

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24
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

Final stage of spermatogenesis. Each haploid spermatid develops into a simgle sperm cell

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25
Q

Concerning anatomy of sperm, what do the head and acrosome contain?

A

Head: has DNA

Acrosome: vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes that aid penetration by sperm cell into a secondary oocyte.

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26
Q

How does sperm move?

A

Uses ATP produced by mitochondria in the middle piece of the tail

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27
Q

What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

A

Crossing over permits formation of new combinations of genes from maternal and paternal chromosomes.

28
Q

How does age of primary oocyte in a female compare with the age of a primary spermatocyte in a male?

A

In females, primary oocytes are produced during fetal development; in males the primary spermatocytes are not produced until puberty

29
Q

What are ovaries? what do they produce?

A

Ovaries are paired organs that produce secondary oocytes and hormones

30
Q

What is the role of GnRH in the male reproductive system?

A

GnRH= Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

From hypothalamus, stimulates anterior pituitary secretion of LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

FSH: stimulates sperm production

LH: stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

31
Q

What is the role of LH in the male reproductive system?

A

LH= luteinizing hormone.

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

32
Q

What is the role of FSH in the male reproductive system?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Initiates spermatogenesis with testosterone

33
Q

What is the role of Testosterone in the male reproductive system?

A

Controls growth, development, maintenance of sex organs.

Stimulates bone growth, protein anabolism, sperm maturation.

Stimulates development of male secondary charachteristics

34
Q

What is the role of Inhibin in the male reproductive system?

A

Produced by Sertoli cells.

Inhibition of FSH to help regulate rate of spermatogenesis

35
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

sperm maturation. takes 10-14 days . stores sperm, helps propel them by peristaltic contraction.

36
Q

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

A

stores sperm which can remain viable here for several months. conveys sperm from epididymis toward urethra.

37
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

blood vessels, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels ascend accompyning ductus deferns as it ascends in scrotom

38
Q

What is the function of ejaculatory ducts?

A

short, carry sperm into urethra.

39
Q

What do the accessory sex glands secrete most of?

A

most of liquid portion of seamen

40
Q

What are the functions of the seminal vesicles?

A

Secrete a fluid that helps to neutralize acidic environment of male urethra and femal reproductive tract so that sperm is not killed.

Secrete fructose to be used as an energy source for sperm ATP production.

Secrete a fluid that helps sperm motility and viability and may stimulate muscular contraction within female reproductive tract

Contains clotting proteins

41
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland

A

Secretes fluid that can be used by sperm for ATP production, protein digestive enzymes

42
Q

What is the function of bulbourethral glands?

A

secrete a fluid that neutralizes acid to protect sperm and lunrication mucous to decrease number of damaged sperm

43
Q

What are organs of the female reproductive system?

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, oviducts, uterus, vagina, external organs, mammary glands

44
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Produce secondary oocytes and hormones

45
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

progesterone

estrogens

inhinin

relaxin

46
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

transport a secondary oocyte to the uterus

normally site of fertilization

47
Q

What is the uterine’s function?

A

site of implantation of a fertilized ovum

site of development of fetus during pregnancy

site of labor

48
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

Receives the penis during sexual intercourse and is a passageway for childbirth

49
Q

What is the funtion of the mammary glands?

A

Synthesize, secrete, and eject milk for nourishment of the newborn

50
Q

What is lactation?

A

milk production and ejection. stimulated by oxytocin which is released from posterioir pituitary in response to suckling

51
Q

What is the uterine cycle? what happens if fertilization doesn’t occcur?

A

AKA the menstraul cycle. a series of changes in the endometrium of the uterus to prepare it for arrival of a fertilized ovum that will develop there until birth. If fertlilzation doesnt occre then the prepared endometrium is sloughed off

52
Q

What is hCG’s role in the female reproductive system?

A

maintains corpus luteum if fertilization and implantation occur.

53
Q

How does GnRH control the ovarian and uterine cycles?

A

Hypithalamus secrete GnRH which stimulates release of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary

54
Q

What is the role of FSH in female reproductive system?

A

FSH stimulates development of follicles and initiates secretion of estrogens by follicles

55
Q

What is the role of LH in the female reproductive system?

A

LH stimulates

  1. further develoment of follicles,
  2. secretion of estrogens by follicular cells,
  3. ovulation,
  4. formation of corpus luteum,
  5. secretion of progesterone estrogens by corpus luteum
56
Q

What is the role of estrogen in the female reproductive system?

A
  1. stimulates growth, development, and maintenance of female reprocuctive structures
  2. stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics
  3. stimulates protein synthesis
57
Q

What is the role of progesterone in the femal reprocuctive system?

A

Works with estrogens to preparte endometrium of the uterus for implantation and the mammary glands for milk synthesis

58
Q

What is the role of relaxin in the female reproductive system?

A

Increases flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix to ease delivery of a baby

59
Q

What occurs during the menstrual phase of uterine cycle?

A

Part of endometrium is shed, discharging blood and tissue cells

60
Q

What occurs during the preovulatory phase?

A
  1. A group of follicles in the ovaries begins maturation. One follicle outgrows the others and becomes dominant, the others die.
  2. At the same time the endometrium is being repaired in the uterus.
  3. Estrogens are dominant hormones
61
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A
  1. dominant mature (graafian) follicle is ruptured
  2. secondary oocyte is released into pelvic cavity. occurs bc of LH surge
62
Q

WHat occurs during postovulatory phase?

A
  1. corpus luteum of overy secretes progestrone and estrogens in large quantities
  2. uterine endometrium thickens in readiness for implantation
63
Q

(uterine cycle)

What happens when fertilization and implantation do not occur?

A
  1. Corpus luteum degenerates
  2. Menstruation: low levels of progesterone and estrogens allow discharge of endometrium
  3. initiation of new reproductive cycle
64
Q

(uterine cycle)

What happens when fertilization and implantation occur?

A

Corpus luteum is maintained by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

65
Q
A

A & P Lecture: Dr. Shellhammer (10 decks)

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