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A & P Lecture: Dr. Shellhammer > Nutrition and Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main “fates” of food molecules absorbed by the GI tract?

A
  1. To supply energy
  2. To serve as building blocks

Storage for future use

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2
Q

What does food absorbed by the GI tract supply energy for?

A
  • Sustaining life processes “MC-DAMP”
    • maintenance of body temperature
    • cell division
    • DNA replication
    • active transport
    • muscle contraction
    • protein synthesis
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3
Q

What do food molecules act as building blocks for?

A
  • Synthesis of more complex molecules
    • muscle proteins
    • hormones
    • enzymes
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4
Q

Where are tryglycerides stored?

A

adipose cells.

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5
Q

What does metabolism refer to?What does metabolic rate refer to?

A

All chemical reactions of the body.

rate: energy expenditure required by these reactions

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6
Q

What factors can affect Metabolic Rate?

A
  • genetics
  • age
  • size
  • physical activity level
  • eating habits
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7
Q

What are the 6 main nutrients that body cells need?

A
  1. carbohydrtes
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. water
  5. minerals
  6. vitamins
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8
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

Nutrients that must be obtained frm the diet because body can’t make enough of them.

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9
Q

What is “anabolic”?

A

Building molecules. Uses more energy than it produces. Energy used is supplied by catabolic reactions.

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10
Q

What is Catabolic?

A

Breaking molecules down. Release energy stored in organic molecules, energy transfers to ATP.

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11
Q

How many Calories foes each gram of protein, carbohydrate and fat provide?

A

Carb= 4 Calories

Protein=4 Calories

Lipid=9 Calories

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12
Q

WHat is a mineral? Name a few minerals with known functions. How are excess amounts gotten rid of?

A

An inorganic element. Concentrated mostly in skeleton. Excess excreted in urine.

  • calcium
  • phosphorus
  • potassium
  • sulfur
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • magnesium
  • iron
  • iodide
  • manganese
  • copper
  • cobalt
  • zinc
  • fluoride selenium
  • chromium
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13
Q

What are major roles of minerals?

A
  1. Help regulate enzymatic reactions
  2. Some are coenzymes
  3. Some are catalysts
  4. Some work with buffer systems.
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14
Q

What are Vitamins?

A

Organic nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and normal metabolism.

Do not provide energy or serve as building material

Most serve as coenzymes

Body cannot synthesize vitamins!

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15
Q

WHat is the difference between vitamins and minerals?

A

Vitamics are organic

Minerals are inorganic

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16
Q

How are VItamins divided?

A

Fat-soluble(lipoproteins) and water-soluble

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17
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?How are they absorbed, where are they stored?

A

Vitamins A,D,E,K

absorbed with dietary lipids in small intestine and packaged into CHYLOMICRONS.

May be stored in cells, especially the liver

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18
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?How are they absorbed?What happens to extra?

A

Vitamins B and C.

Dissolved in body Fluids.

Excess are not stored, they are removed in urine.

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19
Q

What are the antioxidant vitamins?

A

Vitamins C,E, and beta-carotene

They inactivate oxygen free radicals

20
Q

What is a free radical?

A

highly reactive ions/molecules that carry an unpaired electron in their outermost electron shell.

Damage cell membrane, DNA and other cellular structures that contribute to formation of formation of atherosclerotic plaques

21
Q

What is an enzyme and a coenzyme?give examples of coenzyme

A

Enzyme: serve as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions. (some require presence of an ion)

Coenzyme: Work with enzymes. Function as temporary carriers of atoms being removed from or added to a substrate during a reaction. Many derived from vitamins. Examples: NAD+ and FAD

22
Q

During Digestion what are carbohydrates broken down into?

A

Polysaccharides, disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose). Monosaccharides are absorbed in small intestine. After absorption fructose and galactose are converted to glucose.

23
Q

What happens to glucose when digested?

A

If cells need immediate energy (ATP) they oxidize glucose.

Glucose not needed for immediate ATP may be converted to glycogen for storage

24
Q

What is glycogen? How is it stored?

A

Stored glucose.

storage in liver cells and skeletal muscle fibers.

If these storage places are full, liver cells transform glucose to glycerol of triglycerides for storage in adipose cells. (can be converted back to glucose)

25
Q

How does glucose get into cells that need energy?How does insulin affect this?

A

Glucose passes through cell plasma membranes by facilitated diffusion. Insulin speeds up the rate of diffussion.

26
Q

How is ATP made?

A

By Cellular Respiration: ATP is catabolized (broken down)

27
Q

What 4 processes contribute to cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Acetyl coenzyme A formation
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Electron transport chain
28
Q

How is cellular respiration represented?

A

C6H12O6+ 6O2—> 6CO2+ 6H2O+ 38ATP

29
Q

What is glycolysis?What happens during glycolysis?

A
  • anaerobic cellular respiration
  • In cytosol of cells
  • 6 carbon Glucose molecule broken down into 2, 3 carbon molecules of pyruvic acid molecules, net of 2ATP and 2NADH+H
30
Q

How is Acetyl Coenzyme A produced? (in the transition phase)

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A converts to pyruvic acid when oxygen is present then enters the Krebs cycle. (in mitochondria)

31
Q

What happens during the Krebs cycle?

A

happens twice (in mitochondria)

Energy in glucose, pyruvic acid, and acetyl coenzyme A is transferred to NADH, FADH2, CO2, and ATP(2)

energy from NADH & FADH2 foes to the ETC

(aerobic cellular respiration)

32
Q

What happens during the Electron Transport chain?

A

(in mitochondria)

Energy in NADH + H and FADH2 is used to synthesize ATP. The coenzymes pass through electron carriers and ATP is made. lower energy electrons are passed to oxygen in a reaction that produces water.

(Aerobic Cellular respiration)

33
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis?

A

Conversion of glycerol, lactic acid, or amino acids to glucose

34
Q

What happens when blood glucose level falls below normal?

A

Glugagon is released from pancreas and epinephrine is released from adrenal medullae. Stimulates glycogen breakdown, liver cells release glucose into blood and body cells use it for ATP production

(process usually occurs between meals)

35
Q

What happens when liver runs low on glycogen?

A

You should eat.

If you don’t eat the body starts to break down tryglcerides and protein.

36
Q

How can glycerol of tryglycerides be transformed into glucose?

A

By converting glycerol to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).

(the fatty acids can be catabolized through formation of acetyl coenzyme A)

37
Q

What does lipid catabolysis result in?

A

ATP or storage as tryglycerides in adipise tissue throughout body and in liver.

38
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

breakdown of tryglycerides to produce ATP.

ROutinely done by muscle, liver and adipose cells

39
Q

What are Ketone bodies? How are they produced?

A

substances that are converted from acetyyl CoA molecles by the liver as part of fatty acid catabolism.

Leave the liver and enter body cells where they are broken down into acetyl CoA which enters Krebs cycle.

40
Q

What is deamination?

A

removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound.

41
Q

What is a calorie?

A

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree Celsius

42
Q

What is a Calorie?

A

The unit of heat used to express the caloric value of foods and to measure the bodies metabolic rate

=1000 calories, 1 kilocalorie

43
Q

What is most body heat a result of?

A

catabolism of food eaten

44
Q

What is BMR?

A

basal metabolic rate

Measurement of metabolic rate under basal condition

45
Q

How is normal body temperature maintained?

A

Negative feeback loops that regulate heat-producing and heat-losing mecanisms.

A & P Lecture: Dr. Shellhammer (10 decks)

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