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A & P Lecture: Dr. Shellhammer > Quiz 1 Prep > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Prep Flashcards

1
Q

Tight Junction

A

Tight junctions seal adjacent epithelial cells in a narrow band just beneath their apical surface. (analogy: sewing )

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2
Q

Name 2 Funtional layers of the Skin

A

Epidermis & Dermis

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2
Q

3 Major types of Skin Cancer

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Melanoma

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3
Q

Adipose tissue

A

type of connective tissue made of adipocytes (fat cells)

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3
Q

Functions of Bone & Skeletal System: Assistance in movement

A

Skeletal muscle attachments. Bone and muscles wok as lever systems to provide mechanical advantage and power. Bones act as lever bars; muscles provide effort forces. Movable joins act as the lever fulcrum

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4
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Least malignant, most common skin cancer. Tumors arise from cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis. rarely metastazie

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5
Q

Basic characteristics of SKIN

A

Skin is largest organ of body. On average it weighs 8-10 pounds and is about 22 square feet.

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6
Q

Functions of Bone & Skeletal System: Blood Cell Production

A

Connective tissue called red bone marrow carries out hemopoiesis (poiesis-making) of RBC, WBC, and PLT

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7
Q

How does the skin regulate Body Temperature?

A

It frees sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of blood in the dermis

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Carcinoma Definition

A
  • Carcinoma: most common type of cancer occuring in humans
  • Tumor tissue derived from epithelial cells whose genome has become altered or damaged to such an extent that the cells become transformed, and begin to exhibit abnormal malignant properies.
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10
Q

Cutaneous Sensations

A

Include tactile sensations, thermal sensations, and pain.

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10
Q

Characteristics of Dermis

A
  • Vascularized
  • 2 connective tissue layers: papillary & reticular
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10
Q

What does the Dermis Contain?

A
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Contains
    • Blood Vessels
    • Nerve endings
    • Sweat (suderiferous) glands
    • Oil (sebaceous) glands
    • hair follicles and associated structures
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11
Q

How does the epidermis receive nutrients?

A

Diffusion (spread)

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12
Q

Effects of Fluoride

A

In sound teeth Flouride reacts with hydroxyapatite, inhibiting decay process.

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12
Q

Efffects of Silver Nitrate

A

leads to bacterial killing and inhibits bacterial growth

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13
Q

Characteristics of Epidermis

A
  • Avascular
  • outermost layer is composed of dead, keratinized cells
  • Consists of a stratified squamous epithelium that is waterproofed and hardened by keratin
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15
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Epi-above,

Closely packed cells

free surface/exposed.

avascular

nerve supply

derived from mesoderm

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16
Q

Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System

A
  1. Mineral Storage
  2. Blood Cell production
  3. Triglyceride storage
  4. Support
  5. Protection of internal organs
  6. Assistance in movement
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18
Q

Functions of the Skin

A

mneumonic: “CAPTiVe”

Body temperature regulation, protection, sensation, excretion and absorption, sunthesis of Vitamin D.

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19
Q

Glands

(Definition & name 3)

A
  • Single or groups of epithelial cells that secrete a substance.
  • Glands Associated with Skin
    • Sebaceous: oil
    • Sudoriferous: sweat
    • Ceruminous: wax
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21
Q
A

Glandular, endocrine. Produces and secretes hormones into blood. Found in the thyroid, adrenals, pituitary, and islets of Langerhans etc.

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22
Q
A

Glandular, exocrine. Sends products through ducts into digestive tract or to the outside of the body. Found in Brunner’s gland, intestinal glands, sweat glands, seminal vesicles, etc.

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22
Q

How do different degrees of burns affect the epithelial layers?

A

1 degree- epidermal layer affected

2- epidermis and dermis

3- epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer, surrounding tissue & nerves affected

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24
Q

Hypodermis

A
  • AKA: Subcutaneous layer (Sub Q)
  • Adipose tissue is found here.
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25
Q
A
  • Top: Epidermis
  • Middile: Dermis
    • Papillary layer
    • Reticular later
  • bottom: Hypodermis/ Subcutaneous layer
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26
Q

What does the Integumentary System include? What is it?

A

Skin, hair, nails.

Integument-refers to natural covering of an organism or organ such as its skin, capsule, husk, shell or rind.

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27
Q

Layers of the Epidermis

A

(Superficial-deep)

“Cute little Gremlins Sell Beer”

Stratum corneum

Stratum Lucidum

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum Basale

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28
Q

Melanoma

A
  • Involves melanocytes.
  • Highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy
  • Treated by wide surgical excision & immunotherapy
  • Can cause a decrease in the number of melanocytes and Langerhans cells.
  • melanin-black
29
Q

Melanoma Characteristics, ABCD rule

A
  • Asymmetry: the 2 sides of the pigmented area do not match
  • Border: exhibits indentations
  • Color: is black, brown, tan, sometimes red or blue
  • Diameter: is larger than 6mm
30
Q

Functions of Bone & Skeletal System: Mineral Storage of Bone

A

Calcium & Phosphorus are stored and can be released into blood to maintain homeostasis.

31
Q

Moh’s Surgery

A

Microscopically controlled surgery to treat common types of skin cancer.

After each removal of tissue, the patient waits and the pathologist examins the tissue specimen for cancer cells

32
Q

Nevus

A

a benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes. “mole”

33
Q

Origin of Carcinoma

A

Cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body, and that generally arises from cells originating in the endodermal or ectodermal germ layer during embryogeness.

34
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Superficial layer of the Dermis. Has dermal papilla- fingerline projections that increase surface area and have sensors. Thin layer

35
Q
A

Pseudostratified. Tissue appears stratified but is actually a single layer of tall and short cells. All cells touch the basement membrane of the tissue.

36
Q

Reticular layer

A
  • Deep layer of the Dermis.
  • Reticular = network.
  • Composed of a network of proteins, primarily COLLAGEN fibers.
37
Q

What are the Functions of Sebaceous glands?

A
  • Secretes an oily substance called Sebum.
  • Functions:
    • keeps hair from drying out
    • Prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin
    • keeps skin soft
    • inhibits the growth of certain bacteria
37
Q

Sarcoma

A

Cancer that arises from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin.

Malignant tumors made of cancerous bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, vascular, or hematopoietic tissues are sarcomas.

38
Q
A

Simple Columnar. Single layer of column-shaped cells. Basal nuclei are oval in cross section. Found in the digestive tract and excretory ducts of some glands. Ciliated columnar cells line the fallopian tubes, bronchi, and spinal cord.

39
Q
A

Simple Squamous (section). Single layer of flat cells with large central nuclei. This is a picture of interior lining of blood vessel

41
Q
A

Simple Squamous. Single layer of flat cells with large central nuclei. Found in alveoli, glomerular central body cavity and viscera. “scale like”

42
Q

How does the skin help protect the body?

A

Skin provides physical, chemical, and biological barriers to help protect the body

42
Q
A
45
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A
  • Involves Keratinocytes of stratum spinosum.
  • Most common on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands
  • Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically
46
Q
A

Stratified Columnar. Contains one or more layers of columnar cells and a basal layer of cuboidal cells. Found in few places (spiglottis, urethra, and some glands)

47
Q
A

Stratified Cuboidal.

This tissue is usually composed of two layers of cuboidal cells. It is found in the ducts of sweat, salivary, and mammary glands.

48
Q
A

Stratified Squamous. (Keratinized). This tissue is composed of several cell shapes. At the basal layer they are cuboidal or columnar, but are transformed squamous cells as they approach the surface. Forms the epidermis of skin.

49
Q

Functions of Bone & Skeletal System: Support

A

Structural framework

50
Q

Tissue Types

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

51
Q
A

Transitional. Has appearance of stratified squamous tissue except oter cells are rounded which allows for stretching. Found in the lining of the urinary bladder and ureters.

52
Q

Functions of Bone & Skeletal System: Triglyceride storage

A

Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells, which store tryglycerides. A chemical energy reserve.

53
Q

What are 4 types of cells in the Epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, tactile cells, melanocytes, Langerhans cells

54
Q

What are Eccrine glands? (functions, location)

A
  • Most prevalent sweat glands
  • Distributed throughout most of the body
    • ​skin
    • forehead
    • palms
    • soles of feet
  • ​Body temperature regulation through evaporation; emotional sweating.
55
Q

What is a Keritinocyte?

A

keratin-hornlike. 90% of epidermal cells. Arranged in layers and produce the protein keratin. Helps to protect skin and water proof it.

57
Q

What is a Langerhans cell?

A

Participate in the immune system. Have pseudopods and act as phagocytes to ingest antigens. Are mobile.

58
Q

Where are Apocrine Sweat Glands found?

A
  • Axilla
  • Groin
  • Areolae of the Breasts (pigmented areas around the nipples)
  • Bearded Regions
59
Q

Where are Ceruminous Glands located?

A

Present in outer ear canal. (The combined secretion of the ceruminous and sebaceous glands is a yellowish secretion called cerumen or earwax)

60
Q

What is Diploe(..)

A

Spongy bone that contains red marrow

61
Q

Give example of long, short, flat, and irregular bones

A

long bone-femur

short bone- carpals

flat bones- scapulae, ribs

irregular bones- vertebrae

62
Q

What is a trabeculae?

A

Small beams of spongy bone. usually composed of collageous tissue.

63
Q

What is an Osteoclast?

A

-clast = break. Large Phagocytic cell that Breaks down bone matrix by use of enzyme. Formed by monocyte and macrophage fusion (both WBCells)

64
Q

What is the origin of connective tissue

A

mesenchymal cells.

65
Q

Name 4 types of bone cells

A

(osteo) -genic, -blast, -cyte, -clast

66
Q

Osteogenic cell

A
  • -genic = produce.
  • Only bone cell that divides.
  • Derived from mesenchyme tissue
  • develops into osteoblast
67
Q

Osteoblast

A
  • -blast = sprout/grow
  • Uses collagen fibers and other components to form the matrix of the bone.
  • Once matrix is formed osteoblast is surrounded and becomes a osteocyte.
68
Q

Osteocyte

A
  • -cyte = cell that maintains tissue
  • Mature bone cell.
  • Maintains metabolism
69
Q

Osteoclast

A
  • -clast = break
  • breaks down bone matrix= resorption
    • ​for regular maintainace, repair, and growth
  • large phagocytic cell made from fusion of monocytes and macrophages
  • uses enzymes
70
Q

Collagen Fiber

A
  • colla- = glue.
  • very strong
  • flexible
  • contian collagen protein
  • very abundent
  • Found in most connective tissues
71
Q

Keratin

A
  • keratino- = hornlike
  • arranged in 4-5 layers and produce keratin protein. a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin
72
Q

What is a cell junction?

A
  • points of contact between plasma membranes that tightly join in order to make functional units.
  • can be super tight
  • can be very loosly held
  • some have channels
73
Q

Gap Junctions

A

intercellular channels. These permit the free passage between the cells of ions and small molecules. cylindrical. able to open and close

74
Q

Desmosome junction

A

Desmosomes are localized patches that hold two cells tightly together. (analogy: welding spots)

A & P Lecture: Dr. Shellhammer (10 decks)

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