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A & P Lecture: Dr. Shellhammer > Quiz 2 Prep > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Prep Flashcards

1
Q

What are functions of bone and skeletal system?

A

(MAST Pi Bc)

  1. Mineral storage
  2. Assistance with morvement
  3. Support
  4. Triglyceride storage
  5. Protection of internal organs
  6. Cell Production (hemopoiesis)
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2
Q

General Structure of long Bone

A

Proximal Epiphysis

Metaphysis

Diaphysis

Metaphysis

Distal Epiphysis

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3
Q

What is a Diploe

A

Spongy bone that contains red marrow.

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4
Q

What is a Trabeculae?

A

Small beams of spongy bone. usually composed of collageous tissue.

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5
Q

5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation. What is the difference in Acute v. Chronic?

A

Acute includes 1st 4, while chronic includes all 5.

  1. Heat
  2. Redness
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
  5. Loss of function
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6
Q

What is an NSAID?

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammaroty drug.

Reduces swelling and pain.

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7
Q

What are the 4 (basic) steps of Bone Fracture Repair?

A
  1. Removal of dead Bone tissue
  2. fibrocartilage at fracture site formed by chondrocytes
  3. Conversion of fibrocartilage to spongy bone by osteoblasts
  4. Bone remodeling
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8
Q

Bone fracture repair: Removal of dead bone tissue

A

Phagocytes called macrophages begin to remove any dead bone tissue

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9
Q

Bone Fracture repair: Fibrocartilage formation

A
  • Chondroblasts form fibrocartilage at the fracture site that bridges the broken ends of the bone
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10
Q

Bone Fracture repair: Fibrocartilage conversion

A

Fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone tissue by osteoblasts.

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11
Q

Bone Fracture Repair: Bone Remodeling

(give definition)

A
  • Dead portions of bone are absorbed by osteoclasts and _spongy bone is converted to compact bone. _
  • **Bone Remodeling: **the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue. Involves bone resorption (removal of minerals by osteoclasts) and **bone deposition **(adding of minerals by osteoblasts)
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12
Q

Reduction

A
  • A medical procedure to restore a fracture or dislocation to the correct alignment.
  • Implies a “restoration”- back to normal.
  • (For a fractured bone to heal without deformity the bony fragments must be re-aligned to their normal anatomical position)
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13
Q

What is ALS?

A
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
    • A- = without
    • myo- = muscle
    • -trophic = feeding or nourishment
    • sclerosis - hardening of tissue
    • “Lateral” identifies the areas in a person’s spinal cord where portions of the nerve cells that signal and control muscles are located.
      • as this area degenerates it leads to scarring or hardening in that region.
  • Also called Leu Gherig’s disease
  • degeneration of neurons causes muscle atrophy
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14
Q

Atrophy

A

When a muscle has no nourishment, it atrophies, or wastes away.

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15
Q

How does ALS effect motor neurons? What hapens as they are effected?

A
  • Disease attacks the nerve sheath itslelf
  • Activated microglial cell (macrophage of brain and spinal cord) sends chemical signals but instead of communicating the correct signal, they send harmful chemicals which attach to motor neurons
  • ALS progressivly degenerates motor neurons and eventually leads to their death.
  • When the neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost.
  • Voluntary muscle action is affected and in later stages of the disease pt’s become totally paralyzed.
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16
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • An Autoimmune disease that damages healthy nerves
  • Nerve impulses are blocked due to damaged sections of Schwann cells
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17
Q

Functions of Bone & Skeletal System: Assistance in movement

A

Skeletal muscle attachments. Bone and muscles wok as lever systems to provide mechanical advantage and power. Bones act as lever bars; muscles provide effort forces. Movable joins act as the lever fulcrum

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18
Q

Functions of Bone & Skeletal System: Blood Cell Production

A

Connective tissue called red bone marrow carries out hemopoiesis (poiesis-making) of RBC, WBC, and PLT

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19
Q

Functions of Bone & Skeletal System: Triglyceride storage

A

Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells, which store tryglycerides. A chemical energy reserve.

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20
Q

What is the diaphysis? What covers it?

A
  • The shaft of the long bone.
  • Diaphysis is covered by a sheath of fibrous connective tissue called periosteum that aids in the attachment of muscls to bone.
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21
Q

What is articular cartilage? What does it do?

A
  • a layer of hyaline cartilage
  • covers each epiphysis
  • Smooth surfae helps reduce friction within the joint
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22
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A
  • A thin layer of compact bone
  • marks where the epiphyseal growth plate used to be located before it ossified.
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23
Q
A
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24
Q

What are chondroblasts?

A

a cell which originates from a mesenchymal stem cell and forms chondrocytes, commonly known as cartilage cells

25
Q

Osteoperosis

A

Excessive loss of Calcium or tissue weakens the bones, and they may break

26
Q

What is Fibrocartilage?

A
  • consists of a mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions.
  • flexibile and tough
  • Contains collagen, less dense than they are in hyaline cartilage.

Fibrocartilage is found in the pubic symphysis, knee joints, fibrosus of intervertebral discs

27
Q
A
28
Q

How does MS effect the motor neurons?

A
29
Q

What is a Schwann Cell?

A

Neuroglial cells that wrap their membrane around the axon of a motor neuron (like electrical tape)

30
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Small gaps between Schwann cells of the PNS.

Facilitate rapid “salutatory”condition of never impulses

31
Q

4 Factors that influence Bone Metabolism

A
  1. Calcium & Phosphorus
  2. Magnesium
  3. Fluoride
  4. Manganese
32
Q

How do Calcium and Phosphorus influence Bone Metabolism

A

Make bone extracellular matrix hard.

33
Q

How does Magnesium influence bone metabolism?

A

Helps form bone extracellular matrix

34
Q

How does Fluoride influence Bone metabolism?

A

Helps strengthen bone extracellular matrix

35
Q

How does Manganese influence Bone metabolism

A

Activates enzymes involved in synthesis of bone extracellular matrix.

36
Q

What are 2 classifications of Joints?

A

Structural v. Functional

37
Q

What are 3 kinds of Structural Joints?

A
  1. Fibrous joints
  2. Cartilaginous joints
  3. Synovial Joints
38
Q

What are 3 kinds of Functional joints?

A
  1. Synarthrotic
  2. Amphiarthrotic
  3. Diarthrotic
39
Q

What is an articulation?

A

a point of contact between 2 bones, cartilage and bone, or teeth and bone

40
Q

What is Structural classification of bone based on?

A

based on the presence or absence of a synovial vavity and the type of connecting tissue. Structurally, joints are classified as fibrous, cartiligionous, or synovial

41
Q

What is Functional classification of joints based on?

A

Based on the degree of movement permitted. A joint may be synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), or diarthrosis (freely movable)

42
Q

What is a Fibrous joint? give examples

A

Articulating bones joined by fibrous connective tissue.

TYPES:

  1. Suture (synarthrotic) (short fibers)
  2. Syndesmosis (amphiarthrotic) (long fibers)
  3. Gomphosis (Synarthrotic) (peg in socket)

Examples: sutures of the skull, tibia-fibula and radial -ulnar joints, teeth in sockets.

43
Q

What is a cartiligionous joint? What are some examples?

A

Articulating bones joined by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage/

TYPES:

  1. Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)(synarthrotic)
  2. Symphysis (fibrocartilage) (amphiarthrotic)

Examples: intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis, sacroiliac joint, spiphyseal plates.

44
Q

What is a synovial joint? what are some examples?

A

Joint capsule containing synovial membrane and synovial fluid.

TYPES: All synovial joints are diarthrotic (freely movable).

Examples: all freely moveable joints; most of the joints of the limbs

45
Q

What is Plantar Fasciitis?

A

a painful inflammatory process of the plantar fascia. The connective tissue,ligament, on the bottom of the foot becemes inflammed.

46
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

composed of collagenous fibers and chondrocytes.

47
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

This tissue is similar to hyaline cartilage, but has many elastic fibers. Found in epiglottis and in external ear

48
Q
A
49
Q

What is “regular” connective tissue?

A

Dense of Collagenous: parallel collagenous fibers with fibroblasts that produce and maintain collagenous material without taking a lot of space. Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses.

50
Q

What are Aponeurosis?

A

Layers of flat broad tendon like material, usually connecting muscle to muscle.

51
Q
A
52
Q
A
53
Q

How do NSAIDS work?

A

A “COX 1/COX 2 inhibitor binds to a *TNF inhibitors

(TNF = tumor necrosis factor: chemical released by immune system cells during inflamation)

ANalogy: NSAID works by cutting a wire to shut off a light. It binds to an inhibitor which then binds to the cell to inhibit the immune system from responding

54
Q

How do Steroids work? GIve an example?

A
  • Steroids reduce iflammation or swelling by binding to glucocorticoid receptors.
  • Example: Glucocorticoids (often called corticosteroids)
    • can also play a role in development and homeostasis of T lymphocytes.
  • Analogy: Steroid will bind directly to the cell receptor instead of to a inhibitor first. Like switching on and off a light switch.
55
Q

What are 2 different Steroid regulation types?

A

Up-regulate: synthesize more anti-inflammatroy proteins

Down-regulate: synthesization of pro-inflammatory proteins

56
Q

What is a skin plaque?

A

A broad, raised area on the skin, usually red

57
Q

What is the Bone’s role in calcium homeostasis? What is the process?

A
  1. Low blood calcium
  2. parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone
  3. Osteoclasts breakdown bone matrix and release Calcium
  4. Kidneys retain Calcium and produce calcitrol (Vit. D for Ca absorption)
  5. Blood Ca levels return to normal
58
Q
A

A & P Lecture: Dr. Shellhammer (10 decks)

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