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A & P Lecture: Dr. Shellhammer > Quiz 6 prep > Flashcards

Quiz 6 prep Flashcards

1
Q

What does cystic Fibrosis do?

A
  • Affects all epithelial tissue in the body
  • No cure
  • makes mucous secretions, high viscosity
    *
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2
Q

What is cystic FIbrosis?

A
  • Genetic
  • mutation in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene on 7th chromosome
  • CFTR protein misfolds
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3
Q

What 4 valves prevent backflow of blood in the heart?

A

Atrioventricular Valves

  1. Tricuspid valve (right atrium & right ventricle)
  2. bicuspid valve (left atrium & left ventricle)

Semilunar Vavles

  1. Pulmonary Valve (right ventricle and pulmonary trunk)
  2. Aortic valve (Left ventricle & aorta)
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4
Q

What stops blood from flowing back into atria.

A
  1. Atrioventricular Valves
  2. Chordae tendineae
  3. papillary muscles
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5
Q

What happens in the left ventricle of the heart?

A

Blood is pushed throughtout the entire systemic circuit of the circulatory system.

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6
Q

what is Passive Filling?

A

This is the passive process by which 80% of the blood enters the ventricles.

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7
Q

Blood Flow through heart

A
  1. Deoxygenated Blood recieved at **Right atrium **through
    • Coronary Sinus
    • Inferior vena cava
    • superior vena cava
  2. (D) blood travels from right atrium through tricuspid valve _to _the right ventricle
  3. (D) blood travels from right ventricle through _pulmonary valve _to p**ulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries. **
  4. (D) blood travels out of heart through pulmonary trunk and arteries _to _**pulmonary capillaries. **
    • Blood loses CO2, gains O2
  5. Oxygenated blood recieved at pulmonary veins and then travels through to left atrium
  6. (O) blood travels from left atrium through _bicuspid valve _to left ventricle
  7. (O) blood travels from left ventricle through aortic valve _to _aorta and systemic arteries.
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8
Q

What happens during Isovolumic or isomolumetric ventricular contraction?

A

The volume stays constant, as in from points B to C (135 mL of blood).

 The pressure, however, has increased from around 15 mm Hg to about 80 mm Hg.
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9
Q

Function of sinoatrial (SA) node

A

normal pacemaker of heart

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10
Q

Sequence of cardiac action potential conduction system

A

“SAAV his RLBBP”

  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. Right and Left Bundle Branches
  4. Purkinje fibers
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11
Q

What is a systole?

A

= contraction.

refers to phase of contraction

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12
Q

What is diastole?

A

=dilation/expansion

refers to the phase of relaxation

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13
Q

When does the last 25% of the blood that fills the ventricles enter (at nml HR)?

A

atrial systole

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14
Q

What happens in the cardiac sycle when the pressure reaches 80mmHg?

A

At about 80 mm Hg, the semilunar aortic valve opens and blood is ejected from the left ventricle into systemic circulation.

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15
Q

What causes the dupp sound?

A

from semilunar valves closing at the end of ventrucular systole.

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16
Q

What is the order of the cardiac cyce?

A

“RAV”

Relaxation period (all 4 chambers in diastole)

Atrial systole(contraction)

Ventricular systole (contraction

17
Q

with refrence to the graph what happens between points C to D?

A

From points C to D, notice that the ventricular volume is decreasing as pressure increases and then decreases slightly. At point D, we have full ventricular systole.

Like wringing water out of a soaked rag.

18
Q

What are the 5 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Atrial contraction
  2. Isovolumetric contraction
  3. Ventricular ejection
  4. Isovolumetric relaxation
  5. Ventricular filling
19
Q

GIve an analogy of the pressure in the heart chamber

A

Pressure in the heart rises when it is contracted, like pressure rises inside a bottle of water as it is squeezed.

20
Q

What happens as blood is further and further away from the heart? What are contributing factors?

A

The heart provides power to move blood through body. As blood is farther away there is more resistance. There is a high pressure gradient at beginning but not further from the heart.

  • friction is a factor of resistance
21
Q

What happens to the valves during isovolumic relaxation?

A

All valves are closed

22
Q

Why does the volume stay at 65 mL and never goes to zero?

A

For all fluids (liquids as well as gases) – fluid movement only happens when there is a pressure gradient.

 Fluids stop moving when the pressure gradient reaches an equilibrium.
23
Q

Which part of the nervous system regulates the Heart Rate ? How?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

Cardiovascular (CV) center

Glossopharyngeal Nerves- Baroreceptors in carotid sinus and Baroreceptors in arch of aorta

Vagus nerve

cardiac accelerator nerves (sympathetic)

24
Q

What is the Conduction System?

List the componenets of the Conduction system?

A

Conduction system consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that generates and distributes action potentials.

  1. sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker),
  2. atrioventricular (AV) node,
  3. atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His) - specialized muscle fibers in the heart; named after the Swiss cardiologist Wilhelm His, Jr., who discovered them in 1893,
  4. bundle branches,
  5. Purkinje fibers.
25
Q

How does the small heart pump provide enough power to push blood throughout the body?

A

Pressure and Volume. Most blood moved by pressure gradients.

26
Q

What are Purkinje fibers?

A

‘Purkinje fibers’ (Purkyne tissue or Subendocardial branches) are located in the inner ventricular walls of the heart, just beneath the endocardium. These fibers are specialized myocardial fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus or impulse that enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion called a functional syncytium.

27
Q

The Conduction system pathway

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
  2. Atrioventricular (AV) node
  3. Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)
  4. Left and Right bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibers.
28
Q

What are Functions of the Respiratory System?

A
  1. Provides for gas exchange
  2. Helps regulate blood pH
  3. Contains receptors for sense of smell
    • filters inspirted air
    • produces sounds
    • excretes small amounts of water and heat
29
Q

What is the process of gas exchange in the body called?

A

Respiration

30
Q

What are 3 steps of respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation(breathing)
  2. External respiration
  3. Internal Respiration
31
Q

How does the respiratory system provide for gas exchange?

A
  • Intake of oxygen for delivery to body cells
  • Removal of Carbon dioxide produced by body cells
32
Q

How does the Respiratory system help to regulate blood pH?

A
  • Carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma is a pH regulator
  • Carbonic acid decreased pH
  • Bicarbonate is a pH buffer
33
Q

What does Eupnea mean?

A
  • Normal, unlabored ventilation. Quiet breathing.
  • Expiration employs only elastic recoil of the lungs.
34
Q

In the respitatory system, what are some factors that influence microbial invasion?

A

Normal FLora, Ions, organic nutrients, capsules, antigens, superantigens

35
Q

What is a superantigen?

A

Microorganisms start to produce superantigens and make immune system to start “going crazy” and destroying more than they are supposed to in the body

36
Q

What are encapsulated bacteria?

A
  • Capsule Naturally produced by invading cell
  • Successful in infecting host cells
    • get into host, then use the host to grow
37
Q

Why does oxygen diffuse into blood?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveolus than in the pulmonary capillary

38
Q

What are the Alveoli

A

Cup-shaped outpouching of an alveolar sac.

(respiratory bronchioles subdivide into alveolar ducts. 2 or more alveoli that share a common opening to the alveolar duct are called alveolar sacs)

39
Q
A

A & P Lecture: Dr. Shellhammer (10 decks)

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