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A & P Lecture: Dr. Shellhammer > Quiz 3 prep > Flashcards

Quiz 3 prep Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
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2
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A
  1. Cranial nerves
  2. Spinal nerves
  3. Ganglia
  4. Enteric plexuses in small intestine
  5. Sensory receptors in skin
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3
Q

What are three basic functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Afferent detection
    * Detecting stimuli, sensory function
  2. Integrative Function
    * Analyzing, integrating, and storuing sensory information
  3. Efferent Response
    * responding to integrative decisions, motor function.
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4
Q

What are Ganglia?

A
  • Plural of Ganglion
  • “gang”= gangs/groups of cell bodies (neurons)
  • “neuronal cell bodies”
  • Part of PNS
  • associated with cranial and spinal nerves
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5
Q

What are the 3 systems of the PNS?

A
  1. SNS: Somatic nervous system
  2. ANS: Autonomic nervous system
  3. ENS: Enteric nervous system
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6
Q

What does the SNS consist of?

A
  • Sensory neurons
  • conduct impulses from somatic and special sense receptors to the CNS and mortor neurons from the CNS to **skeletal muscle **
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7
Q

What does the ANS consist of?

A
  • Sensory neurons from visceral organs and motor neurons
  • Convey impulses from the CNS
    1. Smooth muscle tissue
    2. Cardia muscle tissue
    3. Glands
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8
Q

What does the ENS consist of?

A
  • Recieves signals from ENteric sensory receptors and enteric sensory neurons in the GI tract and enteric plexus
  • located at
    1. Smooth muscle
    2. glands
    3. endocrine cells of GI tract
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9
Q

5 types of Sensory Receptors

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceotors
  3. Photoreceptors
  4. CHemoreceptors
  5. Nociceptors
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10
Q

What are Mechanoreceptors?

A

Respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, itch

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11
Q

What are Thermoreceptors?

A

Sensitive to changes in temperature

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12
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

Respond to light energy

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13
Q

WHat are chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals, smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry

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14
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Sensitive to pain causing stimuli. Also sensitive to extreme components of other sensory receptors such as extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure.

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15
Q

What are the parts of a neuron, what are their functions?

A
  1. Dendrites: main receiving or input region
  2. Cell body: integration
  3. Axon: output factor, conducts nerve impulses toward another neuron or effector (muscle fiber or gland cell)
  4. Myelin sheath: seperated fatty coverings of axon
  5. Nodes of Ranvier: seperated sections between myelin sheaths.

NOTE: not all neurons have myelin sheaths.

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16
Q

What are 3 (4) basic structures of a neuron?

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Unipolar.

In humans there are psudopolar neurons which become bipolar

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17
Q

What are Neuroglia-supportive cells?

A

Star shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. They are most abundant cells of the human brain. “Do it all cells.” Don’t make myelin but can regulate synthesization of myelin. Facilitate the blood brain barrier.

2 kinds: Perikaryon & Astrocytes

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18
Q

What is an Oligodendrocyte?

A
  • CNS Neuroglial cell
  • Produces the myelin sheath around the axon of the CNS neurons.
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19
Q

What is a Microglia cell?

A
  • CNS Neuroglial cell
  • A Phagocytic glial cell of the CNS.
  • Main form of active immune defense in CNS.
  • Microglia recognize the few antibodes that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. They swallow them and present antigens to t-cells for further immune response.
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20
Q

What is an Ependymal Cell?

A
  • CNS Neuroglial cell
  • ep- = above
  • -dym = dressing over surface
  • They line ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal ford. Form cerebrospinal fluid and assist in circulation.
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21
Q

What is a Schwann cell?

A
  • PNS Neuroglial cell
  • Named for Theodor Schwann
  • A neurolemmocyte
  • Principal glia of PNS
  • Produce Myelin Sheath of PNS neurons.
  • Cover surface of nerve cell bodies in sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
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22
Q

Where are somatic reflex arcs found?

A

Voluntary pathways (skeletal muscle).

[sensory neuron on dorsal side of ganglia while efferent motor neuron on ventral side]

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23
Q

Where are Autonomic and Enteric Reflex arcs found?

A
  1. Smooth muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Endocrine and exocrine glands
  4. Adipose tissue.

[sensory neuron on dorsal side of ganglia while efferent motor neuron on ventral side]

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24
Q

What are the functional classifications of neurons? Where are they found and in what direction do they carry information?

A
  1. Afferent
    • sensory
    • carry sensory info to CNS
  2. Efferent
    • motor
    • carry info out of the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
  3. Association
    • interneuron
    • located between sensory and motor neurons
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25
Q

What are funtions of Neuroglia? What are 6 types of neuroglia?

A

Functions

  1. support
  2. nurture
  3. protect neurons
  4. maintain interstitial fluid

Include

  1. Astrocytes-CNS
  2. ogligodendrocytes-CNS
  3. Microglia-CNS
  4. Ependymal cells-CNS
  5. Schwann cells-PNS
  6. Satellite cells-PNS
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26
Q

Which 2 types of neuroglia produce Myelin sheaths?

A

Oligodentrocytes myelinate axons of CNS

Schwann cells myelinate axons of PNS

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27
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

Aggregates of myelinated axons.

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28
Q

What does Gray matter consist of? (5 things)

A
  1. Cell bodies
  2. dendrites
  3. axon terminals of neurons
  4. unmyelinated axons
  5. neuroglia.
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29
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

A cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS

30
Q

What is the difference between a tract and a Nerve?

A
  • A nerve is A bundle of axons that is located in the PNS.
    • cranial nerves connect the brain to the periphery
    • spinal nerves connect the spinal cord to the periphery
  • A tract is a bundle of axons that is located in the CNS.
    • tracts interconnect neurons in the spinal cord and the brain
31
Q

What is a Satellite cell?

A
  • PMS Neuroglial cell
  • supports neurons in PNS ganglia.
  • Regulates exchange of materials between neutons and interstitial fluid.
32
Q

What is an Action Potential?

A
  • Neurons communicate with one another using nerve action potentials.
  • AKA nerve impulse.
33
Q

Describe the resting potential in an action potential

A
  1. Resting membrane
    • (difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane)
    • -70mV
    • A cell that exhibits a membrane potential is polarized.
    • Level of K cation is higher along the inner cell membrane
    • level of Na cation is higher along the outer cell membrane
    • level of cations on either side is equal
34
Q

Describe what is needed for Generation of an action potential

A

Generation

There must be a membrane potential
Voltage-gated channels for cations Na & K must be present

35
Q

What happens during an Action Potential?

A
  1. Action potential generated.
  2. Voltage gated Na and K cation channels open in sequence.
  3. Depolarization occurs on outside of cell membrane from -70 mV to +30 mV.
  4. Opening of voltage gated K cation channels allows for repolarization and recovers the membrane potential to the resting level.
  5. There must be a refractory period in which another action potential cannot be generated.
36
Q

What is the “all-or-none principle” of an action potential?

A

if a stimulus is strong enough to generate an action potential, the impule generated is of a constant size.

37
Q

What are 2 types of action potential conduction?

A

Continuous conduction: nerve impulse occurs in a step-by-step process along an unmyelinated axon

Saltatory condution: nerve impule “leaps” from one node of Ranvier to the next along a myelinated axon

38
Q

How is the diameter and myelination of an axon important for action potential?

A

Axons with larger diameters conduct impulses faster than those with smaller diameters; myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated axons.

39
Q

What is Synaptic Transmission?

A

Neurons communicate with other neurons and with effectors at synapses in a series of events known as the synaptic transmission

40
Q

What is the process of a synaptic transmission?

A
  1. Neurotransmitter is released from a presynaptic neuron into synaptic cleft.
  2. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.
  3. An excitatory neurotransmitter depolaries the postsynaptic neuron’s membrane
  4. membrane potential is brought closer to threshold, there is an increased chance that action potentials will arise.
  5. An inhibitory neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron, thereby inhibiting action potential generation.
41
Q

What are some important neurotransmitters of synaptic transmission?

A

acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, neuropeptides, nitric oxide.

42
Q

How are neurotransmitters removed (3 ways)?

A

Diffusion, enzymatic destruction, reuptake by neurons or neuroglia.

43
Q

What are meninges?

What are the 3 layers of Spinal Meninges?

A

Layers of connective tissue coverings that extend around the spinal cord and brain.

(from outer to inner)

“DAP”

  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Pia mater
44
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A
  1. Vertebrae
  2. SPinal meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
45
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Extends from Medulla Oblongota of the brain o the upper boarder of L2. Ends with conus medullaris.

46
Q

What is the Cauda Equina?

A

Roots of the spinal cord that angle down the vertebral canal (after the spinal cord has ended).

Like wisps of flowing hair.

Cauda equina = “horse hair”

47
Q

What does thegray matter of the spinal cord contain?

A
  1. Neuronal cell bodies
  2. dendrites
  3. Unmyelinated axons
  4. axon terminals
  5. neuroglia
48
Q

How is gray matter divided?

A

Subdivided into “HORNS”

  • Posterior (dorsal)
    • sensory neurons
  • Anterior (ventral)
    • somatic motor neurons
  • Lateral gray horn
    • contain autonomic motor neurons . present only in thoracic and upper lumbar segements of spinal cord.
49
Q

What does the white matter consist of? How is it organized?

A
  • Consists primarily of myelinated axons of neurons
  • Organized into white columns.
50
Q

Layers of the nerve (cranial and spinal)

A

From superficial to deep

  1. Endoneurium
    • wraps unmeylinated or myelinated individual axons.
  2. Perineurium
    • Wraps fascicles
  3. Fascicle
    • Group of axons & their endoneurium
  4. Endoneurium
    • wraps individual axon & it’s myelin sheath if present.
  5. Axon
51
Q

Components of a reflex arc

A
  1. Sensory receptor
  2. Sensory neruon
  3. integrating center
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector
52
Q

What are the frontal lobes’ associated function?

A

self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought.

53
Q

How is CSF produced?

A

By the Choroid Plexuses.

  • specialized networks of capillaries in walls of the ventrivles. Covered by ependyma cells. which form CSK from blood plasma by filteration.
54
Q

What is CSF?

A
  • Cerebral SPinal Fluid
  • clear, colorless liquid
  • carries oxygen, glucose and other chemicals to neurons & neuroglia
  • **removes wastes and toxic substances. **
  • circulates through subarachnoid space found in brain and spinal cord & through ventricle cavities.
55
Q

What is Hydrocephalus, how does it occur?

A
  • Buildup of pressure in head due to failure of CSF to form and drain normally
  • Occurs with congenital abnormalities/head injury/meningitis/ and bleeding in brain.
56
Q

What does the Midbrain include, where does it connct to?

A
  • Connects to pons and diencephalon
  • Anterior part consists of large tracts called cerebral penduncles.
  • Contains nuclei
57
Q

What are Cerebral Penduncles?

A

“little feet”

Contain axons of motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cord, medulla, and pons.

58
Q

Nuclei of Midbrain: Red nuclei

A
  • Reddish bc of rich blood supply & iron
  • Axons from cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses here and help coordinate muscular movements.
  • Right & left
59
Q

Nuclei of midbrain: Substantia nigra

A
  • “substance, black”
  • Large
  • darkly pigmented
  • Loss of these neurons is associated with Parkinson’s disease
60
Q

What does the Cerebrum consist of? What is it’s associated function?

A
  • Cerebral cortex
    • an outer rim of gray
  • cerebral white matter
    • internal region
  • gray matter nuclei

Function: ability to read, write, and speak; to make calculations, compose music; to remember past and plan for the future; to create

61
Q

Discuss the folding of the Cerebral cortex…

A
  • Rolls and folds upon itslef so that it can fit into the cranial cavity
  • Gyri = folds
  • Fissures = deep grooves between folds
  • Sulci = shallow grooves
62
Q

What are 4 main folds of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Longitudinal fissure
    • creates cerebral right & left hemispheres
  2. Central sulcus
    • seperates frontal and parietal lobes
  3. Precentral gyrus
    • located immediatly anterior to the central sulcus
  4. Postcentral gyrus
    • located immediately posterior to the central sulcus
63
Q

How are cerebral hemispheres divided?

A
  • 4 lobes
    • Frontal
    • Parietal
    • Temporal
    • Occipital
64
Q

What are the Functions of the Hypothalamus? (6)

A

mneumonic: ‘PEARBC”

  1. Pituiitary gland control and production of hormones
  2. emotional and behavioral control
  3. ANS control
  4. Regulation of Eating and Drinking
  5. Body temperature control
  6. circadian rhythem & states of conciousness (control)
65
Q

What is the funtion of the Thalamus?

A

“MMRT”

  • **major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem **
  • maintanence of conciousness
  • relays nerve impulses between different areas of the cerebral cortex.
  • transmits info from cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor areas of cerebral cortex.
66
Q

What is the function of the Limbic System?

A
  • “Emotional brain”
  • plays a role in pain, plesure, docility, affection, anger
67
Q

Describe Lateralization principle of the Brain

A
  • Brain controls opposite side of the body
  • All sensory and motor pathways cross in the CNS
  • Left hemisphere
    • spoken and written language
    • numerical and scientific skills
    • reasoning
  • Right hemisphere
    • apatial and pattern recognition
    • emotional content
68
Q

What is Memory, concerning the brain?

A
  • Process for storing and retrieving info
  • involves structual and functional changes
  • involves association areas (limbic system/diancephalon)
  • skill memory involves cerebellum and basal ganglia.
69
Q

What is the Aging process of the brain?

A
  • Rapid growth during first few years
    • increase in size of neurons
    • proliferation (increase of numbers) of neuroglia
  • From early adulthood-old age
    • decline in brain mass
    • fewer synaptic contacts
    • decrease in brain function.
70
Q
A

A & P Lecture: Dr. Shellhammer (10 decks)

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