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ANA 204 > Urogenital Embryology > Flashcards

Urogenital Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

The genital system consists of:

  • a _____
  • ___ system of gonads that ____
  • _____
A

pair of gonads

duct; carries the germ cells
external genital organs.

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2
Q

The genital system develops from the following three sources:

  • ______
  • Part of ____
  • ______ covering the ______
A

Intermediate mesoderm

cloaca

Celomic epithelium

intermediate mesoderm

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3
Q

The development of genital system begins during the ____ week of intrauterine life (IUL).
-The genetic sex (genotype XY or XX) of embryo is established at time of _____, but gonads do not acquire male or female morphological characteristics till ____ week of the development.

A

fertilization

seventh

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4
Q

Initially (week __to__ of development) the gonads are structurally similar and hence this is called ___ stage of gonad.
-From ____ week onward, the development proceeds in different directions in males and females, and gonadal sex can then be determined morphologically.

A

1–6

indifferent

seventh

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5
Q

By ____ week some male and female characteristics of the external genitalia can also be recognized.
-By the end of ____ week phenotypical differentiation is complete.

A

12th

20th

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6
Q

This difference of development between male and female is because of ____ and ____ factors.

A

chromosomal and hormonal

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7
Q

The phenotypical differentiation is determined by ___ gene located on the ____ of ____ (____)

A

SRY

short arm; Y chromosome ; Yp11

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8
Q

The ___ chromosome is the key to sexual dimorphism because it contains the testis determining gene called the ____ gene

A

Y

SRY

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9
Q

SRY gene is _______

A

sex determining region on Y

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10
Q

Under the influence of this SRY gene, ___ development occurs and during it absence the ____ development occurs.

A

male

female

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11
Q

The SRY gene encodes for a protein called ______ (TDF)

A

testis determining factor

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12
Q

The absence of TDF leads to development of male genital organs.

T/F

A

F

Presence

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13
Q

As the indifferent gonad develops into the testis, the ___ and ___ cells differentiate to produce ____ and _______ (___).

This results in phenotypically (male or female?) embryo.

A

Leydig and Sertoli

testosterone; Mullerian inhibiting factor ;MIF

Male

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14
Q

In the absence of the TDF, testosterone, and MIF, the indifferent gonad will develop into ___ and embryo will be phenotypically ____.

A

ovary

female

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15
Q

Development of the Gonads

-Gonads appear as a pair of ____ called the _____

A

longitudinal ridges

Genital rigde.

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16
Q

Genital ridge is formed by three sources of cells:

  • _____
  • ______
  • _____
A

coelomic epithelium

underlying mesenchyme

primordial germ cells

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17
Q

Genital ridges appear in ___ week?

A

3 rd!!

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18
Q

the intermediate mesoderm is (medial or lateral?) to ____ part of mesonephros.

A

Medial

middle

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19
Q

The first indication of development of primitive gonad is seen at about ___ week.

A

fourth

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20
Q

Indifferent Gonads

  • An elongated elevation called _____ appears on medial side of ______
  • During the ____ week, the primordial germ cells migrate along _____ of ______ by ______ movement and reach the ___ at beginning of ____ week and invade it in the ____ week
A

genital ridge

mesonephric ridge.

fourth

dorsal mesentery of hindgut

active amoeboid

genital ridges; fifth ; sixth

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21
Q

The genital ridge is formed by _____ of ______ and ____ of overlying _____

A

condensation

intermediate mesoderm

proliferation

celomic epithelium

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22
Q

The primordial germ cells differentiate in the _____ close to ____ during ____ week.

A

wall of yolk sac

allantois

second

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23
Q

If the primordial germ cells fail to reach the genital ridges, gonads can still develop.
T/F

A

F

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24
Q

primordial germ cells have an inductive influence on the development of gonads into testis or ovary
T/F

A

T

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25
Q

On arrival of germ cells into the genital ridge, the cells of surface epithelium of the genital ridge (celomic epithelium) ____ and penetrate ______ to form ____-like cords called _____ cords.

A

proliferate

underlying mesenchyme

finger

primitive sex

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26
Q

The outer part of the indifferent gonad is called ___ and its central part is called ____

A

cortex

medulla

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27
Q

Development of the Testis

  • the primordial germ cells carry ___ chromosome compliment under the influence of ___ gene on the ____ of Y chromosome (Yp11), which encodes for the ___, the primitive sex cords increase in ___ and extend deep into central part (medulla ) of the indifferent gonad.
  • These are called _____ or ______ cords.
A

XY; SRY; short arm; TDF

length; medulla

testis or medullary

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28
Q

Toward hilum of gonad the medullary cords ___ and ____ and ____ into tiny cell strands that _____ with each other.

  • The sex cords then become _____ shaped and subsequently get canalized to form _____.
  • The anastomosing tiny cell strands in medulla also get canalized to form ‘_____’.
A

regress ; break up

anastomose

horseshoe

seminiferous tubules

rete testis

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29
Q

In the ___ month, communication is established between the seminiferous tubules and rete testis.

A

fourth

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30
Q

The seminiferous tubules are lined by two types of cells: (a)____ cells (cells derived from _____) and (b)_____ cells (derived from ____

A

sex cord

surface celomic epithelium

primordial germ

wall of the yolk sac

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31
Q

The primordial germ cells form _____ and the sex cord cells form ____ cells of _____

A

spermatogonia

sustentacular; Sertoli

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32
Q

Sertoli cells produce ____ ( _______ ) or ____ ()

A

MIS

mullerian inhibiting substance

AMH

Anti-müllerian hormone

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33
Q

Now the mesenchyme migrates beneath the _____, forms a tough (fibrous or serous?) layer around the ____, and seperates (cuts off) the ____ from the _____, thus blocking its contribution to the formation of sex cords (temporarily or permanently?)

A

celomic epithelium

Fibrous

developing testis

sex cords

celomic epithelium

Permanently

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34
Q

celomic epithelium aka _____ epithelium

A

Germinal

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35
Q

This tough fibrous layer covering the testis is called ____

A

tunica albuginea

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36
Q

Mesoderm also forms mediastinum testis

T/F

A

T

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37
Q

The fibrous septa arise from ___, extend toward _____, and divide the testis into _____.

A

mediastinum

periphery

various lobules

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38
Q

Mesoderm around the _____ forms interstitial cells of Leydig.

A

seminiferous tubules

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39
Q

By ____ week, the Leydig cells start secreting testosterone

A

eighth

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40
Q

______ is the male hormone that influences sexual differentiation of genital ducts (from mesonephric duct) and external genitalia.

A

testosterone

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41
Q

The tubules of rete testis extend into the mesonephric tissue, where they join the _____

A

mesonephric tubules.

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42
Q

The mesonephric tubules become ______ of the testis.

A

efferent ductules

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43
Q

Duct of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct are formed from the _______.

A

mesonephric duct

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44
Q

As the testes develop they project in the celomic cavity and are suspended from ____ abdominal wall by a mesentery called ‘ ______.’

A

posterior

mesorchium

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45
Q

Development of the ovary

  • The primitive sex cords containing the primordial germ cells do not become ___ but ___ into the ___.
  • These cords dissociate into ____ called ____, which occupy the _____ part of the ovary close to the ______.
  • Later they _____ and are replaced by ____, which forms _____.
  • The surface epithelium (germinal epithelium) of female gonad, unlike that of male gonad, continues to ____ and in the ____ week forms _____ of sex cords.
A

prominent

extend; medulla

irregular cell clusters ; rete ovarii

medullary;mesonephric tubules

disappear; vascular stroma

ovarian medulla

proliferate; seventh; second generation

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46
Q

The ___ chromosomes bear genes for ovarian development.

A

X

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47
Q

Development of the ovary

The second generation of sex cords containing the primordial germ cells do not extend into ______.

Hence, they are also called _____ cords.

A

medulla

cortical

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48
Q

In the ____ month, the cortical cords get fragmented and form isolated cell clusters.
-Each cell cluster consists of a _______ in the _____ surrounded by a layer of _____

A

third

primordial germ cell

center

celomic epithelial cells.

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49
Q

The primordial germ cells form ____ and celomic epithelial cells form _____. The resulting structure is called ‘ _____’.

A

oogonia

follicular cells

primordial follicle

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50
Q

All the primordial follicles remain confined in ____ of the ovary.

A

cortex

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51
Q

A small number of primordial follicles are formed during fetal life.
T/F

A

F

Large

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52
Q

Only few new primordial follicles are formed after birth.

T/F

A

F

No new

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53
Q

Further development of the primordial follicles takes place ______.

A

after puberty

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54
Q

In development of ovary, there’s No formation of tunica albuginea

T/F

A

T

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55
Q

ovarian follicles are separated from surface epithelium

T/F

A

F

They aren’t

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56
Q

The surface epithelium of ovary ____ to form a single layer of cells that is continuous with the ____ at ____ of the ovary.
-The layer of these cells is called germinal epithelium, though it _____

A

flattens

peritoneum at hilum

does not form germ cells anymore.

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57
Q

The ovary is suspended from posterior abdominal wall by a mesentery called ‘______.’

A

mesovarium

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58
Q

Development of the Genital Ducts
•Indifferent stage
* In male the _____ ducts form the definitive genital ducts and ____ ducts mostly disappear
- in female ____ ducts form the female genital ducts and the _____ ducts mostly disappear.

A

mesonephric

paramesonephric

paramesonephric

mesonephric

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59
Q

The genital ducts of male include ____, duct of ____, ______, and _____ duct

A

vasa efferentia

epididymis

vas deferens

ejaculatory

60
Q

the genital ducts of female include ____,_____, and _____.

A

Fallopian tube

uterus

vagina

61
Q

mesonephric ( ______ ) ducts

paramesonephric ( _____ ) ducts

A

Wolffian

Müllerian

62
Q

Development of genital ducts In the male

  • Mullerian inhibiting Substance (= ____) : secreted by ___ cells ;causes regression of the _____ ducts
  • leydig cells secrete ____ that does the following:
  • Mesonephric tubules→ _____
  • Mesonephric duct → ____,___,___,____
A

AMH

Sertoli

paramesonephric (Müllerian)

testosterone

ductuli efferentes; duct of epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle

63
Q

The secretion of dihydrosterone by Leydig cells stimulates the development of male external genitalia, viz., penis, scrotum, and prostate.
T/F

A

T

64
Q

Mesonephric duct develops in relation to mesonephros and opens into the ____ ( ____)

A

cloaca

urogenital sinus

65
Q

When the mesonephros is functional the mesonephric tubules open into the _____

-When mesonephros degenerates, most of the _____ would _____.

A

mesonephric duct.

mesonephric tubules

Disappear

66
Q

Only few mesonephric tubules in the vicinity of testis persist and establish connection with ____ to form the _____ or ______ of testis.

A

rete testis

vasa efferentia or efferent ductules

67
Q

The upper part of mesonephric duct, which receives the efferent ductules, becomes ____ and _____ to form ______

A

elongated

highly coiled

duct of epididymis.

68
Q

highly coiled duct of epididymis becomes wrapped in ___ to form a ____-shaped structure called _____.

-Next part of the mesonephric duct develops a (thin or thick?) _____ and forms the _____

A

connective tissue

comma

epididymis

thick; muscular coat ; vas deferens

69
Q

The epididymis is attached to the ____ border of testis.

A

posterior

70
Q

Just before the mesonephric duct opens into the definitive urogenital sinus (future _____), it gives a diverticulum that develops into ____

A

prostatic urethra

seminal vesicle.

71
Q

The part of mesonephric duct distal to seminal vesicle forms the _____ that opens into _____

A

ejaculatory duct

prostatic urethra.

72
Q

Development of genital duct In the females

- _____ produced by ovaries stimulates the ____ ducts to develop into the female genital ducts.

A

estrogen

paramesonephric

73
Q

The paramesonephric duct develops (medial or lateral?) to mesonephric ducts by a (vertical or horizontal?) invagination of ____ (mesothelium) and when traced caudally they cross in front of the _____ from ___ to ___ side and come close to each other in the midline.

A

Lateral

Vertical

celomic epithelium

mesonephric ducts

Lateral to medial

74
Q

two paramesonephric ducts fuse together in midline to form a (horizontal or vertical?) duct called ______

A

Vertical

uterovaginal canal.

75
Q

Upper ends of the paramesonephric ducts remain _ into the ____ (future peritoneal cavity).

A

celomic cavity

76
Q

The caudal end of uterovaginal canal grows ____ and comes in contact with the (ventral or dorsal ?) wall of the ___ part of the definitive urogenital sinus

A

down

Dorsal

phallic

77
Q

At first, fusion between the two paramesonephric ducts is _____, being separated by a ____

  • Initially 3 parts are recognized
  • a)A cranial part that opens into the ____
  • b)a _____ part that crosses the mesonephric duct
  • This two parts develop into the ______
  • c) a caudal part that fuses with its partner from the opposite side and forms the _____
A

Incomplete

fenestrated septum.

abdominal cavity

horizontal

uterine tube.

uterine canal

78
Q

Caudal part of the paramesonephric duct also forms the ____ and ____ in the uterus besides the uterus canal

A

corpus and cervix of the uterus

79
Q

In fetus, which is larger,

Body or cervix of uterus

A

cervix is larger than the body of uterus

80
Q

The initial angular junction between the two paramesonephric ducts becomes a (concave or convex?) dome and forms ___ of uterus. .

A

convex

fundus

81
Q

Myometrium of the uterus is derived from surrounding ____

A

mesoderm

82
Q

Upper vaginal plate is derived from——-

Lower vaginal plate is derived from——-

A

Uterovaginal canal

Sinovaginal bulbs

83
Q

Mesodermal upper part of vaginal plate becomes _____ part of ___ including ____ of ____

A

Upper vagina

fornices of vagina

84
Q

Endodermal lower part of vaginal plate becomes the ___ part of vagina

A

Lower

85
Q

Thin plate of tissue separating vagina and ___ part of urogenital sinus becomes the ____

A

phallic

hymen

86
Q

estrogen also stimulates the development of female external genitalia, viz., labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and lower portion of vagina.

T/F

A

T

87
Q

Development of the External Genitalia
Indifferent stage (until the ___week)
–fusion of cLoacal folds cranial to urogenital membrane = ______
–cloacal folds caudal to urogenital membrane : ________ and _______

______ on each side of the urethral fold

A

6th

genital tubercle

anterior urethral folds and posterior anal fold

genital swellings

88
Q

So, at the indifferent stage, of development of external genitalia urogenital membrane is related to ____ medially and____ laterally

A

urethral fold

genital swellings

89
Q

Definitive stage of external genitalia

IN MALE
-Genital tubercle enlarges (slowly or rapidly?) and becomes _____ to form _____

-prepuce(____) is from ______

A

rapidly

cylindrical

phallus

foreskin; coronary/circular sulcus

90
Q

The enlargement of phallus forms the ____.

A

penis

91
Q

genital swellings become ____ swellings that fuse in the midline to form the ____

A

scrotal

scrotum

92
Q

urogenital folds- spongious urethra

T/F

A

T

93
Q

IN FEMALE

  • The genital tubercle elongates only ___ to form _____ which bends to from ____.
  • The genital swellings now enlarge to form the ______.
A

slightly

small phallus,

clitoris

labia majora

94
Q

The clitoris contains urethra.

T/F

A

F

does not

95
Q

The primitive urethral folds do not fuse and form the labia minora.

T/F

A

T

96
Q

The labia majora fuses with each other (anterior or posterior?) to the _____ but anterior to the ____ to form _______.

A

Posterior ; urogenital membrane

anal membrane

posterior labial commissure

97
Q

The labia majora also fuses anteriorly to form _____ and _____.

A

mons pubis and anterior labial commissure

98
Q

The labia majora overlaps the _____

A

labia minora.

99
Q

during early stages of the development, whose genital tubercle is larger. Male or female?

A

Female

100
Q

Descent of the Testis
•Initially located in the _____
•Later move into the ____ (through the ____)

A

urogenital ridge

scrotum

inguinal canal

101
Q

The testes arrive in the scrotum at about the time of ____

A

birth

102
Q

Differential growth of the posterior abdominal wall deters the descent process
T/F

A

F

It helps it

103
Q

gubernaculum reduces in length during differential growth of the posterior abdominal wall so that testes assumes a lower position
T/F

A

T

104
Q

Formation of inguinal ____(inguinal canal) occurs as the testes enters into it
T/F

A

F

is formed before testes enters into it

105
Q

_____ helps to dilate inguinal bursa and lays down the path for the descent of testis

A

Gubernaculum testis

106
Q

Increased intra-abdominal pressure and Male sex hormones helps to push the testis out of abdomen
T/F

A

T

107
Q

A specific neurotransmitter called ________ is secreted by genitofemoral nerve supplying muscle fiber of the gubernaculum testis

A

calcitonin gene related peptide

108
Q

Once the descent of testis is completed, the part of processus vaginalis between the ___ and the ______ is obliterated.

A

testis

deep inguinal ring

109
Q

The part of processus vaginalis that covers the testis is now known as ______ of testis.

A

tunica vaginalis

110
Q

Descent of the Ovaries.

  • The ovary develops on the____ abdominal wall in the _____ region.
  • From here it descends into the ____ pelvis, where it lies on its (medial or lateral?) wall in a fossa called _____
A

posterior

upper lumbar

true

Lateral

ovarian fossa.

111
Q

The caudal end of ovary is attached to the _____ by a fibromuscular band called ______ .

A

genital swelling

gubernaculum ovarii

112
Q

It is believed that the descent of ovary occurs due to __ of the ______

A

pull

gubernaculum.

113
Q

Ovary’s descent is arrested at the pelvis due to development of the _____ and _____.
-This is because the gubernaculum gets attached to ____ of the developing _____.

A

uterus and broad ligament

angle; uterus

114
Q

The ____ part of gubernaculum drags the ovary into the pelvic cavity and becomes the _______.

A

proximal

round ligament of ovary

115
Q

The distal part of the gubernaculum becomes ______

A

round ligament of the uterus

116
Q

The round ligaments of uterus pass through the inguinal canal and terminate in the _____.

A

labium majus

117
Q

During the descent of the ovary a tubular prolongation of peritoneum, the _____ (also called _____) extends into the inguinal canal along the _____.

A

processus vaginalis

canal of Nuck

gubernaculum

118
Q

The processus vaginalis (canal of Nuck) usually obliterates and disappears much before birth.
T/F

A

T

119
Q

Ovaries position is stabilized by two ligaments, both of which are remnants of structures associated with the ____

-Cranially, the ____ ligament of the mesonephros becomes the _____ ligament of the ovary.

A

mesonephros

diaphragmatic; suspensory

120
Q

Hypospadasis:
-These defects result in failure of ______ of the ectodermal cord in the ____ and/or failure of fusion of the ____; as a consequence, there is incomplete formation of the ______.

  • When the external urethral orifice is on the ventral surface of the glans of the penis ( _______ hypospadias)
  • or on the ventral surface of the body of the penis ( ____ hypospadias)
A

canalization

glans

urethral folds

spongy urethra

glanular

penile

121
Q

Epispadias

-the urethra opens on the ____ surface of the penis.

A

dorsal

122
Q

epispadias may occur as a separate entity

T/F

A

T

123
Q

Although epispadias may occur as a separate entity, it is often associated with ____ of the ____

A

exstrophy of the bladder

124
Q

Which is more common

Epispadias or hypospadias

A

hypospadias

125
Q 
Micro penis: 
-In this condition, the penis is so \_\_\_\_ that it is almost hidden by the \_\_\_\_\_\_
-Micro-penis results from \_\_\_\_  failure
- is commonly associated with \_\_\_\_\_
A

small

suprapubic pad of fat.

fetal testicular

hypopituitarism

126
Q 
Cryptorchism
- \_\_\_\_ testis
–unable to produce \_\_\_\_
–increased risk of \_\_\_ formation
A

undescended

spermatozoa

tumor

127
Q

Ectopic Testes

  • After traversing the inguinal canal, the testis may deviate from its usual path of descent and lodge in various abnormal locations
  • e.g Interstitial (external to _____ of ______)
  • in the _____ part of the ____ thigh
  • _____ to the penis
A

aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

proximal

medial

Dorsal

128
Q

Double uterus

  • Latin, uterus _____
  • results from failure of fusion of the ____ parts of the ____ ducts.
A

didelphys

inferior

paramesonephric

129
Q

If one paramesonephric duct is retarded in its growth and does not fuse with the other one, a ____ uterus with a rudimentary ___ (——) develops.

A

bicornuate

horn; Cornu

130
Q

A unicornuate uterus develops when ____ fails to develop

this results in a uterus with _____

A

one paramesonephric duct

one uterine tube.

131
Q

Testicular feminization syndrome
–46, XY
–the external appearance of normal ____
–tissues of the external genitalia are _____ to the ______

A

females

Unresponsive

testosterone

132
Q

-The medullary cords/sex cords of testes (primordia of seminiferous tubules) remain solid until puberty.
T/F

A

T

133
Q

spermatogonia develop and form sperms only after puberty when the seminiferous tubules are formed by canalization of the sex cords.
T/F

A

T

134
Q

testicular tumor called _____ is unknown before ____ as the tumor arises from the _____, which do not develop before ____.

A

seminoma

puberty

seminiferous tubules

Puberty

135
Q

Appendix of epididymis: The ____ end of the ____ duct may persist as a small body called appendix of the epididymis, which is usually attached to ___ of the epididymis.

A

cranial

mesonephric

head

136
Q

Paradidymis: The ____ that fail to connect with the ____ may persist and form a small body called paradidymis, which lies close to the ____ of the epididymis.

A

mesonephric tubules

rete testis

upper part

137
Q

Superior aberrant ductules: These are remnants of ______ (cranial or caudal?) to efferent ductules (vasa efferentia) of the testis.

A

mesonephric tubules

Cranial

138
Q

Inferior aberrant ductules: These are remnants of ____ (cranial or caudal?) to efferent ductules (vasa efferentia) of testis.

A

mesonephric tubules

Caudal

139
Q

Appendix of testis: The ___ end of ____ duct may persist as a small vesicular body called appendix of the testis. It is found attached to the ___ pole of the testis.

A

cranial

paramesonephric

upper

140
Q

Prostatic utricle: It is a (small or large?) _____ sac that opens into the _____ wall of the _____.

A

Small

blind

posterior

prostatic urethra

141
Q

The prostatic utricle is homologous to ____ and ______ in females.

A

uterus and vagina

142
Q

Sinovaginal bulbs are mesodermal

T/F

A

F

Endodermal

143
Q

Bicornuate uterus: In this condition, there is ___ vagina and____ cervix but the body of uterus is ___.

Each half of the body is called horn or cornu of the uterus. ____ fallopian tube opens in each horn of the uterus.

A

one

one

duplicated

One

144
Q

Unicornuate uterus: In this condition, ____ of the uterus is missing.

It occurs when ______ degener-ates so that only _____ of the uterus with ___ fallopian tube persists.

A

half

one paramesonephric duct

one horn

One

145
Q

Unicornuate uterus: In this condition, ____ of the uterus is missing. It occurs when one paramesonephric duct degener-ates so that only one horn of the uterus with one fallopian tube persists.

A

half

ANA 204 (10 decks)

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