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ANA 204 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

MITOSIS

-is a process of cell division resulting in _ genetically (equivalent or not?) daughter cells.

A

2

Equivalent

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2
Q

All body cells divide by ____

A

mitosis

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3
Q

the germ cells divide by _____ to produce ____

A

meiosis

gametes.

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4
Q

The period between 2 cycles of mitosis is called the _____ which covers the __,___,and___phases of cell cycle

A

interphase

G1, S, & G2

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5
Q

-the cell spends most of its life in the ___ phase of the interphase to make ___and ____

A

G1

organelles and proteins

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6
Q

During the ___ phase,the ‘_____’ phase, DNA is replicated from ___pairs to ____ pairs

A

S

Synthesis

23

46

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7
Q

During the G2phase, DNA has been replicated and the chromosome number is _n from the S phase so it just prepares for mitosis and makes _____ and Shii

A

4

mictotubules

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8
Q

In the interphase, chromosomes are (visible or not visible?) by light microscopy because_______

A

Not visible

chromatin diffuses throughout the nucleus

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9
Q

Mitosis ends with 2 identical cells (2n)

T/F

A

T

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10
Q

Prophase of mitosis

  • Each chromosome is made of two genetically identical ____, joined by a ____.
  • During Dna replication , genetic material is (loosely or tightly?) packed as ____.
A

chromatids

centromere

Tightly

chromatin

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11
Q

However, during mitosisDNA needs to be more tightly packed to allow for easier separation in telophase.

T/F

A

F

Anaphase

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12
Q

At the start of prophase of mitosis, chromatin begins condensing into chromosomes.
T/F

A

T

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13
Q

At the prophase of mitosis,
mitotic spindles begin to form.
T/F

A

T

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14
Q

Mitotic spindles are structures made from _____ that aid in the organisation and arrangement of ______.
-The spindles attach to an organelle known as the _______.

A

microtubules

chromosomes

centrosome

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15
Q

Each cell in mitosis has one centrosome

T/F

A

F

2

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16
Q

during prophase of mitosis, the centrosomes begin to move in opposite directions.
T/F

A

T

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17
Q

Prometaphase of mitosis
-In this stage the chromosomes are still condensing into their compact state.
T/F

A

F

They’ve finished

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18
Q

In prometaphase of mitosis ,The nuclear envelope begins to breakdown, allowingspindle fibres to attach to the chromosomes at a site called the ______
-The sister chromatids are attached to ____ that originate from the opposite _____, linking the two together.

A

kinetochore

spindles

centrosome

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19
Q

kinetochore is an area of the_____ found on each sister chromatid

A

centromere

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20
Q

kinetochore microtubules invade_____ and attach to_____

-polar microtubules push against each other , moving ____ apart

A

nuclear space; kinetochores

centrosome

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21
Q

Metaphase of mitosis

-At this stage, the chromosomes align upon a theoretical line known as the ______.

A

metaphase plate

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22
Q

In Metaphase of mitosis , The centrosomes have finished moving and are located at opposite ends of the cell.
T/F

A

T

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23
Q

In metaphase of mitosis
At this stage, the cell will check that all the chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate, with their kinetochores correctly attached.
T/F

A

At this stage, the cell will check that all the chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate, with their kinetochores correctly attached.

  • This helps to ensure sister chromatids are split evenly between the two daughter cells.
  • An error in chromosomal alignment or spindle attachment will result in the cell halting further progress until the problem is fixed.

Anaphase

  • During this stage, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
  • The spindle fibres contract, breaking the chromatids at the centromere and moving them to opposite poles of the cell.
  • Spindle fibres not attached to chromatids will elongate the cell to prepare it for division.

Telophase

  • In this phase the cell has elongated and is nearly finished dividing.
  • Cell-like features begin to reappear such as reformation of two nuclei (one for each cell).
  • The chromosomes decondense and the mitotic spindles fibres are broken down

Cytokinesis

  • is the division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells.
  • This stage actually begins between anaphase and telophase, however doesn’t finish until after telophase.
  • To separate the two cells, a ring of protein (actin ring) pinches the cytoplasm along a crease known as a cleavage furrow.
  • This splits the cytoplasm equally between the two cells.
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24
Q

An error in chromosomal alignment or spindle attachment will result in the cell undergoing further progress while the problem is fixed.

T/F

A

F

Progress is halted till error is fixed

25
Q

Anaphase of mitosis

  • During this stage,______ are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
  • The spindle fibres (contract or relax?) , breaking the _____ at the ______ and moving them to opposite poles of the cell.
A

sister chromatids

Contract

chromatids

centromere

26
Q

In anaphase of mitosis

Spindle fibres not attached to chromatids will ____ the cell to prepare it for____.

A

elongate

division

27
Q

Telophase of mitosis

  • In this phase the cell has elongated and is nearly finished dividing.
  • Cell-like features begin to reappear such as reformation of two nuclei (one for each cell).
  • The chromosomes _____ and the mitotic spindles fibres are ______
A

decondense

broken down

28
Q

Cytokinesis of mitosis

  • is the division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells.
  • This stage actually begins between ____and____, however doesn’t finish until after_____.
  • To separate the two cells, a ring of protein (____ ring) pinches the cytoplasm along a crease known as a _____
  • This splits the cytoplasm equally between the two cells.
A

anaphase and telophase

telophase

actin

cleavage furrow.

29
Q

MEIOSIS

  • Special type of cell division resulting in _ genetically (equivalent or not?) daughter cells
  • each containing ____ the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
A

4

Not

half

30
Q

Germ cells (eggs & sperm) are produced by ____.

A

meiosis

31
Q

Meiosis produces cells with half chromosomes = ____(sperm & egg -____)
-Fertilization(sperm + egg)=____ chromosomes

A

23

haploid

46

32
Q

Prophase I of meiosis 1

  • Chromosomes ___
  • SYNAPSIS - ____PAIR together =_____
  • CROSSOVER -exchange occurs at a____.
  • 5 substages :____,______,_____,_____,____
A

condense

homologs

tetrad

chiasma

Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Diplotene Diakinesis

33
Q

Leptotene: individual chromosomes, each consisting of two replicated sister chromatids , become “ ______ “ to form ____ strands within the_____

Zygotene: In this stage the homologous chromosomes become much more ____ and _____(a process called _____)

A

individualized ; visible; nucleus.

closely and stably paired

synapsis

34
Q

Pachytene: In this stage ____ recombination, including chromosomal crossover (crossing over), is _____

A

homologous

completed

35
Q

In Diplotene, homologous chromosomes separate from one another totally
T/F

A

F

Only a little

36
Q

Diplotene:the homologous chromosomes of each bivalent remain tightly bound at _____, the regions where _____ occurred.

Diakenesis: first point in meiosis where the ____ parts of the tetrads are actually____. Resembles _____ of mitosis

A

chiasmata

crossing-over

four; visible; prometaphase

37
Q

Metaphase I of meosis 1

  • chromosomes align at ____
  • Maternal and paternal versions of (different or the same chromosome?) (____ chromosomes) align along the equator of the cell.
  • A process called _____occurs
A

equator

The same

homologous

independentassortment

38
Q

Independent assortment of genes is when maternal and paternal chromosomes line up predictably and align themselves on either side of the equator.

T/F

A

F

It’s random

39
Q

Anaphase I of meiosis 1

  • chromosomes migrate toward _____
  • Here, each of the _____ get pulled towards opposite poles of the cell as the spindle fibres retract.
  • This equally divides the DNA between the two cells which will be formed.
A

poles

homologous chromosomes

40
Q

Telophase I

  • chromosome at poles -cell domains separate.
  • the nuclear envelope ____ and spindle fibres______.
A

reforms

disappear

41
Q

In cytokinesis I, the cytoplasm and cell divides resulting in two cells that are technically ____ – there is___ chromosome and ____ chromatids for each chromosome (2c, n).

A

haploid

one

two

42
Q

STILL ON MEIOSIS

  • After the 1stdivision, the chromosome number in each daughter cell becomes _n.
  • The process of the 2nddivision is the same as in mitosis except that there is no ____ during the_____.
  • As a result, the produced cell is a _____ (_n).
A

2

DNA replication

interphase

haploid; 1

43
Q

meiosis 2 is Similar to mitosis[but without ___ phase].

-it Separates ____ of one ____ of the ____ pair just as is in mitosis.

A

An S

chromatids

homolog

homologous

44
Q

In human oocyte, MI is completed during b4 ovulation.

T/F

A

F

It’s completed shortly before

45
Q

Once secondary oocyte shows _____, ovulation occurs.

A

spindle

46
Q

In oocyte,M2 is completed @ _____

A

fertilization.

47
Q

Gametogenesis is the _____ formation by _____

  • Spermatogenesis is ____ formation (1N)
  • Oogenesis is ____ formation (1N)
A

Gamete

Meiosis

Sperm

Egg

48
Q

Spermatogenesis
-The approximate __-day cycle of the spermatogenesis can be subdivided into __ phases that last different lengths of time

A

74

4

49
Q

Mitosis of the spermatogonia takes ____ days and reaches the point of _______

Meiosis 1 of spermatogenesis takes ____ days and reaches the point of _______

Meiosis 2 of spermatogenesis takes ____ days and reaches the point of _______

Spermiogenesis takes ____ days and reaches the point of _______

A

20; primary spermatocyte

28; secondary soermatocyte

Few hours ; engendering the spermatids

21-24 days ; competed sperm cells

50
Q

Spermatozoon

  • Capacitation:
  • these are physiological changes that spermatozoa must undergo in order to______
A

have the ability to penetrate and fertilize an egg.

51
Q

Capacitation of spermatozoon is The final step in the maturation of mammalian spermatozoa and is required to render them competent to fertilize an oocyte
T/F

A

F

It’s the penultimate step

52
Q

Ovum

-secondary oocyte arrested at ___phase in the ______ division

A

meta

second meiotic

53
Q

Process of fertilization

  • Sperm bind to sperm-receptor called ‘_____’ to induce _____ reaction
  • then ____ reaction occurs : degrade ____, alteration of ____ to create a ____ for further sperm penetration
  • once this is happening, The second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is (slowly or rapidly?) completed and the ____ body is released, leaving a haploid female nucleus
A

ZP-3

Acrosome

Zona

ZP-3; zona

barrier

Rapidly

second polar

54
Q

Acrosome reaction is the release of _______

A

acrosomal enzyme

55
Q

Cortical granules of an ovum are _____and____organelles (found within oocytes and are most associated with _____ prevention after the event of ______

A

regulatory and secretory

polyspermy

fertilization

56
Q

perivitelline space is the space between the ____ and the _____ of an oocyte or fertilized ovum.

A

zona pellucida

cell membrane

57
Q

Process of fertilization

  • fusion of the membrane of ____ and _____
  • nucleus of ____ penetrate into ovum
  • formation of ____
  • fusion of ____
  • takes about ___hrs
A

sperm and ovum

sperm

pronuclei

pronuclei

24

58
Q

Conditions of fertilization

  • Normal ovum
  • Normal sperm
  • ____numbers
  • Certain time __-__h
  • ____ reproductive tract
A

sufficient

12-24

Free

59
Q

Consequences of fertilization

  • Completion of ___ division
  • Restores ____ number of chromosomes
  • Variation of human species
  • Sex determination
  • Metabolic activation of oocyte
  • Initiation of _____
A

M2

diploid

clevage

ANA 204 (10 decks)

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