Pelvic Girdle Flashcards
pelvic girdle is a ____-shaped ring of bones
- connects the vertebral
column to the _____
basin
two femurs.
The primary functions of the pelvic girdle are to
*bear the weight of the ____ body when _____ and ____
*transfer that weight from the ___ to the ______ skeleton for
standing and walking.
*provide attachment for the powerful muscles of _____ and _____ and
those of the abdominal wall, withstanding the forces generated by their
actions.
upper ; sitting and standing.
axial; lower appendicular
locomotion and posture
Consequently, the pelvic girdle is strong and rigid, especially compared to
the _______ girdle.
pectoral (shoulder)
Pelvic girdle contain and protect the pelvic viscera ( _____ parts of the urinary tracts and
the internal reproductive organs) and the inferior abdominal viscera (e.g.,
______ )
*Permits passage of their terminal parts (and, in females,a _______) via the ____.
inferior
intestines
full-term fetus
perineum
Pelvic girdle provide support for the abdominopelvic viscera and ___ (pregnant) uterus
gravid
Pelvic girdle provide attachment for the erectile bodies of the external genitalia
T/F
T
Bones and Features of Pelvic Girdle
-Right and left hip bones are (small or large?) , (regularly or irregularly?) shaped
bones, each of which develops from the fusion of three bones ( _____,_____,____).
Large
irregularly
ilium, ischium,
and pubis
Right and left hip bones aka ___ or ______ bones)
coxal
pelvic
Sacrum: formed by the fusion of ____, originally _____ , sacral vertebrae.
five
separate
The internal aspects of the hip bones form the _____ walls of the pelvis
Lateral
external aspects of hip bones are primarily involved in providing attachment for the _____
muscles
lower limb
In infants and children, each hip bone consists of ____ separate bones united by a ____ cartilage at the ______
three
triradiate
acetabulum
The acetabulum is the ____-like depression in the ____ surface of the hip bone that articulates with the ______ of the ____
cup
lateral
head of the femur
After _____, the ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse to form the hip bone.
puberty
The right and left hip bones are joined anteriorly at the _____, a _____
cartilaginous joint.
pubic symphysis
secondary
The hip bones articulate posteriorly with the ____ at the ______ joints to form the pelvic girdle.
sacrum
sacro-iliac
ILIUM
- The ilium is the (superior or inferior?) , ___-shaped part of the hip bone
- The ala ( ___) of the ilium represents the ____ of the fan
- the body of the ilium, represents the ___ of the fan.
Superior
fan
wing; spread
handle
On its external aspect, the ____ of the ilium participates in formation of the acetabulum.
body
The iliac crest, the ___ of the fan, has a curve that follows the contour of the ___ between the ______ and _____
rim
ala
anterior and posterior superior iliac spines.
The antero___ (concave or convex?) surface of the ala of the ilium forms the ____
medial
concave
iliac fossa.
Posteriorly, the sacro_____ surface of the ilium features an _____ surface and an _____, for ____ and _____ articulation with the sacrum,
respectively.
pelvic
auricular
Iliac tuberosity
synovial and syndesmotic
ISCHIUM
- (higher or lower?) and (anterior or posterior?) part of the hip bone
- The ischium has a ____ and ____
lower
posterior
body and ramus
The ____ of the ischium helps form the acetabulum
body
the ramus of the ischium forms part of the ______
rami of ____ forms the other half).
obturator foramen
pubis
The (small or large?) postero-____ protuberance of the ischium is the _____
Large
inferior
ischial tuberosity.
Ischium!
The (small or large?) pointed postero____ projection near the junction of the ____ and ____ is the ischial ____.
Small
medial
ramus and body
spine
The (concavity or covexity?) between the ischial
spine and the ischial tuberosity is the ______
concavity
lesser sciatic notch.
The larger concavity, the ______ notch, is ____ to the ischial spine and is formed in part by the ____.
Greater sciatic notch
superior
ilium
PUBIS
- (ventral or dorsal ?) part of the pelvis
- has a _____,_____, and ____
Vental
body , superior Ramus, and inferior Ramus
The pubis is an angulated bone
T/F
T
The pubis has a _____, which helps form the acetabulum, and a _____ , which contributes to the bony borders of the obturator foramen.
superior ramus
inferior ramus
A thickening on the anterior part of the body of the pubis is the _____, which ends laterally as a prominent swelling, the _____.
pubic crest
pubic tubercle
The (medial or lateral ?) part of the superior pubic ramus has an oblique ridge, the ____ ( ____ of the _____).
Lateral
pecten pubis
pectineal line of the pubis
the obturator foramen allows exit of vessels and nerves out of the ____ to the _____
pelvis
lower limb
obturator artery is a branch of the ______ artery , obturator vein , and obturator nerve from the ____ plexus, all pass through the obturator foramen
internal iliac
lumbar
The pelvis is divided into greater (false) and lesser (true) pelvis by the _____ plane of the _____
oblique
pelvic inlet
Pelvic inlet aka _____
Pelvic outlet aka _____
Pecten pubis aka _____
superior pelvic aperture
Inferior pelvic aperture
pectineal line
The bony edge (rim) surrounding and defining the pelvic inlet is the pelvic _____
brim
Pelvic brim is formed by the :
- ____ and ____ of the sacrum,
- continuous oblique ridge consisting of the: ___ line on the inner surface of the ____.
- ______ and _____ , forming the superior border of the superior ramus and body of the pubis.
promontory and ala
arcuate; ilium
pecten pubis and pubic crest
The pubic arch
-is formed by the right and left _____ rami that meet at the
_______ , their (superior or inferior?) borders defining the _____ angle
ischiopubic
pubic symphysis
inferior; subpubic
Ischiopubic rami refers to conjoined ___ rami of the pubis and ____
inferior
ischium
The width of the subpubic angle is determined by the distance between the right and the left _____
ischial tuberosities
Subpubic angle can be measured in the vagina during a pelvic examination.
T/F
T
The pelvic outlet
- is bounded by the _____ anteriorly.
- ______laterally.
- (superior or inferior?) margin of the ____ ligament posterolaterally
- _____ of the _____ posteriorly.
pubic arch
ischial tuberosities
Inferior; sacrotuberous
tip of the coccyx
The sacrotuberous ligament runs between the ____ and the _____
coccyx
and the ischial tuberosity
The greater pelvis
-aka ____ pelvis
-is the part of the pelvis ____ to the pelvic inlet.
-bounded by the ____ posterolaterally
- the _____ aspect of the
___ vertebra posteriorly.
-occupied by abdominal viscera (e.g., the ____ and ____ colon)
false
superior
iliac alae
anterosuperior; S1
ileum; sigmoid
The lesser pelvis
- aka ____ pelvis
- is the part of the pelvis between the _____ and _____
- bounded by the pelvic surfaces of the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx that includes the true pelvic cavity and the (surface or deep?) parts of the perineum specifically the —— fossae
true
pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet.
Deep
ischio-anal
The ischio-anal is of major obstetrical and gynecological significance.
T/F
T
The (concave or convex?) superior surface of the _____ pelvic ____ forms the floor of the true pelvic cavity, which is thus ____ centrally .
Concave
musculofascial
Diaphragm
diaphragm
deepest
The (concave or convex?) inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm forms the ____ of the ___, which is therefore ____ centrally and ___ peripherally.
Convex
roof
perineum
shallow
deep
Its (medial or lateral?) parts (ischio-anal fossae) extend well up into the ___ pelvis.
Lateral
lesser
Orientation of Pelvic Girdle
-When a person is in the anatomical position, the right and left _____ and the anterior aspect of the ____ lie in the same vertical plane
-When a pelvic girdle in this position is
viewed anteriorly , the tip of the coccyx appears close to the ___ of the ____ , and the pubic bones and pubic symphysis constitute more of a _____ than an ____
anterior superior iliac spines (ASISs)
pubic symphysis
center of the pelvic inlet
weight-bearing floor
anterior wall.
Joints and Ligaments of Pelvic Girdle
-The primary joints of the pelvic girdle are the ____ joints and the ____
sacro-iliac
pubic symphysis
The sacro-iliac joints link the ___ skeleton and the ____ skeleton
-Strong ligaments support and strengthen these joints.
axial
inferior appendicular
The lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal joints, are joints of the ___ skeleton
axial
The lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal joints are indirectly related to the pelvic girdle
T/F
F
Directly
Sacro-iliac Joints
- ______ joint
- The sacro-iliac joints are (strong or weak?) weight-bearing compound joints, consisting of an anterior ____ joint and a posterior _____
synovial
Strong
synovial; syndesmosis
Sacroiliac joints move as a single unit
T/F
T
anterior synovial sacroiliac joint is between the __-shaped ___ surfaces of the ___ and ____, covered with ____ cartilage)
ear
auricular
sacrum and ilium
articular
a posterior syndesmosis of the sacroiliac joint is a ____ joint between the ___ of these bones
fibrous
tuberosities
The auricular surfaces of the synovial joint have ____ but _____ elevations and depressions that interlock
irregular but congruent
The sacro-iliac joints differ from
most synovial joints in that —— is allowed, a consequence of their
role in _____________
limited mobility
transmitting the weight of most of the body to the hip bones.
weight is transferred from the axial skeleton to the ilia via sacro-iliac _____ ,then to the ____ during standing, and to the _____ during sitting.
ligaments
femurs
ischial tuberosities
As long as tight apposition is maintained between the ______, the sacro-iliac joints remain stable.
articular surfaces
the sacrum is actually suspended between the iliac bones and is firmly attached to them by _____ and _____ sacro-iliac ligaments
posterior and interosseous
sacral surface of sacroiliac joint is covered with _____ cartilage and the ileum has ____ cartilage
hyaline
fibro
LIGAMENTS OF THE SACROILIAC JOINT
-The (thin or thick?) anterior sacro-iliac ligaments are the (anterior or posterior ?) part of the ____ of the synovial part of the joint
Thin
Anterior
fibrous capsule
The posterior sacro-iliac ligaments are the posterior (internal or external?) continuation of the same mass of ____ tissue and can be further divided into ___(_____) and ____ (_____) ligaments
External
fibrous
short; long
Intrinsic; extrinsic
interosseous sacro-iliac ligaments lay deep between the
______ of the sacrum and ilium and occupying an area of approximately ___
cm2)
tuberosities
10
_____ sacro-iliac ligaments are the primary structures involved in transferring the weight of the upper body from the axial skeleton to the 2 ilia of the appendicular skeleton
interosseous
The interosseous sacroiliac ligament is limited or abundant?
Abundant
Because the fibers of the interosseous and posterior sacro-iliac ligaments run _____ and ____ from the sacrum, the axial weight pushing down on the sacrum actually pulls the ilia (outward or inward?) (medially or laterally?) ) so that they compress the sacrum between them, locking the ____ but _____ surfaces of the sacro-iliac joints together.
obliquely upward and outward
Inward ;medially
irregular but congruent
the interosseous sacroiliac ligament is (short or long?) and runs (parallel or perpendicular ?) from just behind the articular surfaces of the sacrum to the ilium
Short
perpendicular
The iliolumbar ligaments are one of the main ligaments of the sacroiliac joint
T/F
F
The are accessory
the sacroiliac ligaments become loose during pregnancy
T/F
If T why
If F why
T
due to hormonal secretion to widen the pelvic canal during the birth process
sacrotuberous ligament
-(superiorly or Inferiorly?) , the (anterior or posterior?) sacro-iliac ligaments are joined by fibers extending
from the ____ margin of the ilium and the ___ of the coccyx to form the (little or massive?)
sacrotuberous ligament
Inferiorly
Posterior
posterior
base
Massive
The sacrotuberous ligament passes from the posterior ___ and lateral ____ and ____ to the _____, transforming the sciatic
notch of the hip bone into a _______
ilium
sacrum and coccyx
ischial tuberosity
large sciatic foramen.
The sacrospinous ligament
-passing from the lateral ____ and ____ to the ______, further
subdivides this large sciatic foramen into ______ and ____
sacrum and coccyx
ischial spine
greater and lesser sciatic foramina.
Usually, movement at the sacro-iliac joint is limited by interlocking of the articulating bones and the sacro-iliac ligaments to slight ____ and ____ movements
gliding and rotary
When landing after a high jump or when weight lifting in the standing position, exceptional force is transmitted through the bodies of the ___ vertebrae to the (superior or inferior ?) end of the _____.
-Because this transfer of weight occurs (anterior or posterior?) to the axis of the sacro-iliac joints, the superior end of the sacrum is pushed (superiorly or inferiorly?) and (anteriorly or posteriorly?)
lumbar
Superior
sacrum
Anterior
inferiorly; anteriorly
rotation of the superior sacrum is counterbalanced by the (strong or weak?) _____ and ____ ligaments, which anchor the ____ end of the sacrum to the ______,preventing its superior and posterior rotation .
Strong
sacrotuberous and sacrospinous
Inferior
ischium
PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
- the symphysial surafce of the pubic bone is covered with ____ cartilage
- consists of a ___cartilaginous interpubic disc and surrounding ligaments uniting the bodies of the pubic bones in the median plane
- The ligaments joining the bones are thickened at the ___ and ____ margins of the symphysis, forming ____ and ______ pubic ligaments.
hyaline
fibro
superior and inferior
superior and inferior
The interpubic disc is generally wider in _____.
women
The superior pubic ligament connects the superior aspects of the ______ and _____ , extending as far laterally as the _____
pubic bodies and interpubic disc
Pubic tubercles
The inferior (aka ____) pubic ligament is a (thin or thick?) arch of fibers that connects the inferior aspects of the joint components, rounding off the subpubic angle as it forms the ___ of the pubic arch
arcuate
Thick
apex
Anchoring pubic symphysis
- ____ pubic ligament
- _____ pubic ligament
- _____ pubic ligament
- _____ pubic ligament
superior
inferior
anterior
Posterior
LUMBOSACRAL JOINTS
-L5 and S1 vertebrae articulate at the anterior intervertebral (IV) joint formed by the L5/S1 IV disc between their bodies and at two ________ joints (facet joints) between the articular processes of these vertebrae
posterior zygapophysial
LUMBOSACRAL JOINT involves an IV disc
T/F
T
The facets on the S1 vertebra face ______, interlocking with the _____ facing inferior articular facets of the L5 vertebra, preventing the lumbar vertebra from sliding ___iorly down the incline of the sacrum.
posteromedially
anterolaterally
anter
Lumbosacral joints are further strengthened by ___-like ____ ligaments radiating from the ______ of the L5 vertebra to the ilia
fan
iliolumbar
transverse processes
movements possible at lumbosacral joints are mainly ____ and ____ and a small amount of _____(__ degrees)
flexion and extension
lateral flexion ;7
Ligaments of the pelvis anchoring the Lumbosacral joint
- ______ ligament
- _______ ligament
- _______ ligament
- ____ ligament
- _______ ligament
- _____ ligament (accessory)
anterior longitudinal
posterior longitudinal
lateral lumbosacral
interspinous
supraspinous
iliolumbar
SACROCOCCYGEAL JOINT
-The sacrococcygeal joint is a _____ cartilaginous joint with an IV disc.
- ___cartilage and ligaments join the ___ of the sacrum to the ____ of
the coccyx.
-The _____ and _____ sacrococcygeal ligaments are (short or long?) strands that reinforce the joint
secondary
Fibro
apex; base
anterior and posterior
Long
Sacrococcygeal joint is highly moveable
T/F
F
slightly moveable
Sacrococcygeal joint is ____ in old age
obliterated
Anchoring sacrococcygeal ligament
- anterior sacrococcygeal ligament (extension of _____ ligament)
- posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
- _____ sacrococcygeal ligament (on both sides and connects the ____ of the coccyx to the____ of the sacrum
anterior longitudinal
lateral
transverse process; lower lateral angle
CLINICAL STUFF
(1)Pelvic Fractures
Anteroposterior compression of the pelvis occurs during ____ accidents (e.g.,
when a heavy object falls on the pelvis
-This type of trauma commonly produces fractures of the _____.
-When the pelvis is compressed
laterally, the _____ and ___ are squeezed toward each other and may be
broken.
crush; pubic rami
acetabula and ilia
Fractures of the bony pelvic ring are almost always ____ fractures or a fracture combined with a ____
multiple
joint dislocation
Some pelvic fractures result from the tearing away of bone by the _____ associated with the _____ joints.
strong ligaments
sacro-iliac
Weak areas of the pelvis, where fractures often occur, are the ____, the ___ (or the area immediately surrounding them), the region of the _____ joints, and the ____ of the ilium.
pubic rami
acetabula
sacro-iliac
alae
Pelvic fractures may cause injury to pelvic soft tissues, blood vessels, nerves, and organs.
T/F
T
Fractures in the pubo-obturator area are relatively (common or rare?) and are often complicated because of their relationship to the ____ and _____ , which may be ruptured or torn.
Common
urinary bladder and urethra
Falls on the feet or buttocks from a high ladder may drive the head of the femur through the ___ into the pelvic cavity, injuring pelvic viscera, nerves, and vessels.
-In persons younger than ___ years of age, the acetabulum may fracture through the ___ cartilage into its ____ developmental parts or the bony acetabular margins may be torn away
acetabulum
17
triradiate
three
Cephalopelvic disproportion
- occurs when a baby’s head is too ___ to pass through the mother’s pelvis. During labour, there is supposed to be a progression of _____ to allow the passage of the baby’s head.
- When this fails to occurs, delivery may be difficult
- ______ may be an option
large
pelvic enlargement
cesarean section
Men VS Women
Greater pelvis( deep, shallow) Lesser pelvis(narrow,deep, wide, shallow) Pelvic inlet(oval , narrow, heart shaped, wide) Pelvic outlet(relatively small or large)
Men: deep , women:shallow
Men:narrow,deep women:wide, shallow
Men: heart shaped,narrow women:oval,wide
Men:relatively small Women:relatively large
Men VS women
Pubic arch(narrow , wide , specific angle)
Obturator foramen (oval, round)
Acetabulum (small, large)
Ischial tuberosity (shorter , longer)
Men:narrow <70 Women:wide>80
Men:round Women:oval
Men:large Women:small
Men:longer Women: shorter
Men VS Women
General pelvis structure (thin,thick,heavy,light)
Sacrum(shorter,longer,narrower,wider,more or less curved)
Coccyx(moveable ,immovable, more or less curved)
Greater sciatic notch (almost 70, almost 90)
Men:thick heavy Women:thin light
Men: longer,narrower, more curved Women:shorter,wider,less curved
Men:immovable,less curved Women:moveable,more curved
Men:almost 70(narrow) Women:almost 90
