Urogenital Anatomy Flashcards
What is the indifferent stage?
This is the same starting point of embryological development for both males and females
What “organs” are composed of the indifferent stage?
- Indifferent gonads
- Mesonephric kidney
- Mesonephric duct
- Paramesonephric duct
How do the ovaries develop?
Develops from the capsular part of the indifferent gonad; condenses + descends
What does the paramesonephric duct become?
Becomes the fallopian tube in females
**Males lose this duct
Development of the kidneys
Mesonephric kidney dissolves as ovaries descend
Kidney comes off the mesonephros
Kidney ascends to leave pelvis
Homologs: male and female
- Ovary and teste
- Round ligament and gubernaculum (pulls testes down into scrotum)
- Labia majora and scrotum
- Glans clitoris and glans penis
- Crus of clitoris and corpora cavernosa
3 areas where kidney stones can get stuck
- Ureteropelvic junction (big area of flow –> small)
- Crossing the iliacs & psoas muscle (urether has to jump over the muscles)
- Ureterovesicular junction: ureter gets squeezed into the bladder
What happens when there is a kidney stone in the ureter?
Pressure builds up and expands the renal pelvis and ureter
Pushes water into kidney –> hydronephrosis (inflammation due to water)
Layers of muscle in the ureter
Outer circular smooth muscle
Inner longitudinal smooth muscle
**Smooth muscle –> involuntary control
Why is the epithelium of the ureter lined with mucosa?
Mucosa makes it slippery so bacteria can’t get up into the kidney
3 bones of the pelvis
- Ilium
- Pubis
- Ischium
Fetal pelvis
The 3 bones of the fetal pelvis are connected by just cartilage (allows for easy delivery)
Importance of the sacroiliac joint
Gliding joint –> allows hip movement
Importance of the sacrococcygeal joint
Baby goes past it
Does the pubic symphysis move?
It is composed of cartilage but it doesn’t move –> only at the end of pregnancy
Pregnancy and pelvic joints
In the last 3 months of gestation, all the joints relax (prepping the body for delivery)
Sexual dimorphism of the pelvis
Female:
- Light + thin
- Shallow false pelvis
- Pubic arch > 90 degrees
Male
- Heavy + thick
- Deep false pelvis
- Pubic arch < 90 degrees
Relationship between subpubic angle and pubic outlet
Larger subpubic angle = larger pubic outlet
Relationship between transverse and anteroposterior diameter
In females, both diameters are 10 cm (baby’s head is 10 cm)
Allows for delivery
Why has the human pelvis gotten smaller?
Since we started walking on our feet, our abdomen and thorax has been pushed down –> pelvis gets smaller to make sure it doesn’t come out of our vagina
Sexual dimorphism with lumbar spines
Female spine has lots of lumbar lordosis vs male spine
Estrogen changes the shape of the spine (more wedge shaped)
Lordosis and pregnancy
Normally, COG is on top of the hip
During pregnancy, there is more lordosis (pulls abdomen backwards so it is back on femur head) so the COG is fixed
Utero-ovarian ligament
Keeps ovary in place
Round ligament
Joins fundus and holds uterus
Uterosacral ligament
Attaches at the cervix & keeps everything from going down
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Not actually a ligament –> this is the fold where VAN goes through
Broad ligament
Double layer of parietal peritoneum –> covers everything
Pouch of Douglas
Lowest place in the body (between rectum and back of uterus)
What is a prolapsed uterus?
Uterus bulges into vagina –> cervix comes out
How to fix a prolapsed uterus
- Pessary to keep it in place
2. Colposuspension: tie uterus to the back of abdominal wall
What is a uterine inversion?
When the inside of the uterus is outside of the body
What are fimbriae?
“Fingers” of the uterine tube –> catch the eggs
What is mon pubis?
Fat infront of the pubic symphysis
What does the erectile tissue of the clitoris correspond with?
Corpus spongiosum of males
Labium minus and labium Majus
Labium minus: mucosal + delicate
Labium majus: hair-covered skin
Purpose of the superficial transverse muscle
Attaches the perineal body to the sides
Purpose of the bulbospongiosus muscle
Surrounds the vaginal opening
Deep transverse perineal muscle
Swirls around urethra to make the external urethal sphincter
Purpose of the levator ani muscles
Striated muscle - lift anus and vagina
Helps the transverse perineum support the bladder
Purpose of the perineal body
Anchor point for all the muscles of the pelvis floor
Purpose of the deep transverse muscle
Supports the pelvic floor
Vaginal lumen
Vaginal lumen is full of sugar
The sugar is there so vaginal flora will grow
Vaginal flora makes lactic acid so vaginal pH stays low –> pathogens can’t live here
Cells of the cervix and vagina
Cervix: simple columnar epithelium –> living, makes mucus
Vagina: stratified squamous epithelium –> dead so viruses can’t live here
Corpus spongiosum of males
Makes up the bulb of the penis
Corpus cavernosum of males
Makes up the erectile tissue
Purpose of bulbourethral glands
Sit in the deep transverse perineus
Makes mucus so the urethra isn’t full of acidic urine when sperm is released (would kill the sperm)
**Neutralization mechanism
Purpose of the internal urethral sphincter in males
Closes the bladder so the urine and semen don’t come into contact with each other
Vas deferens in males
Goes through the inguinal canal
Seminal vesicles in males
Doesn’t make semen, makes fluid
Ejaculatory duct
Formed by the union of the vas deferens with the seminal vesicle duct
