Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 2FF3 > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How are primary oocytes produced?

A

Produced by oogonia (stem cells) in the fetal ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When/why does menopause start?

A

When there are no more functional primary oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What phase are primary oocytes held in?

A

Meiosis I (unchanged from fetus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is released from the ovary at ovulation?

A

One secondary oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When does completion of meiosis II begin?

A

When sperm contacts the egg (fertilization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Follicular phase

2. Luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Follicular phase

A

Where the egg & granulosa cells develop up to the point of ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Luteal phase

A

Where the leftover bits of the granulosa hang around & secrete hormones (mainly progesterone) to prepare the uterus lining (endometrium) for a zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Characteristics of a primary follicle

A

Has granulosa cells which grow & secrete fluid + produce an antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Characteristics of a mature follicle

A

Has a full antrum

Shoots out the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does the luteal phase occur?

A

After the mature follicle leaves the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a primordial follicle?

A

Precursor to a primary follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Primordial cell: histology

A

Flat follicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Primary follicle: histology

A

Cubodial granulosa cells

Zona pellucida = begins to form, stays until egg implants (protection; shell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does a primary follicle transition to a secondary follicle?

A

Granulosa cells proliferate & secrete follicular fluid which forms intracellular spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does a secondary follicle transition into a mature follicle?

A

Antras join together –> shoots egg out

Granulosa cells continue to secrete follicular fluid (makes a continuous antrum around the oocyte –> mature follicle)

Granulosa cells around the oocyte = corona radiata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens when the hypothalamus detects low estrogen?

A

GnRH is released by the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

Gets LH and FSH released from the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates estrogen production (which inhibits GnRH/LH/FSH release)

*This doesn’t matter at this point bc the primary follicle just wants to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens when the primary follicle continues to grow?

A

Makes estrogen which stimulates GnRH/LH/FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens when LH surges?

A

Mature follicle ruptures + egg is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the leftover follicle do after ovulation?

A

Converts itself into an endocrine gland (corpus luteum) which makes progesterone –> tells uterus to get ready for a zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Layers of the uterus

A

Myometrium

Endometrium (stratum basalis and then stratum functionalis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Layers of the endometrium

A

Stratum basalis: always there

Stratum functionalis: gets thick & accepts fertilized egg, falls off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where do most changes of the menstrual cycle occur?

A

In the endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the purpose of the uterine cycle?

A

Prepares the endometrium for zygote implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does the stratum functionalis develop?

A

Due to the proliferation of the endometrial stroma & elongation and growth of endometrial glands (provides nutrients for the zygote)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Phases of the uterine cycle

A

Menstrual phase: loss of the stratum functionalis

Proliferative phase: growth of stratum functionalis, endometrial glands get thicker & BVs get more spiral

Secretory phase: secretion of food for a fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Estrogen levels during menstrual phase

A

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cause of the proliferative phase

A

Release of estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What causes the endometrium to become secretory?

A

Progesterone released by corpus lute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How is the endometrium rescued?

A

Pregnancy!

Stops the degeneration of the corpus luteum because implanting egg & placenta releases hCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is hCG + what does it do?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Stops the menstrual cycle + tells the corpus luteum to keep making estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Progesterone effect with menstrual cycle

A

Progesterone inhibits uterine contractions & disintegration of the stratum functionalis

35
Q

When can a fertilized egg implant on the endometrium?

A

A few days before or after ovulation

36
Q

Parts of sperm

A

Acrosome: head, contains digestive enzymes to penetrate the zona pellucida

Nucleus: haploid chromosomes

Midpiece: supplies energy for flagellum (mitochondria)

Flagellum: provides motive power for swimming

37
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Stem cells (spermatogonia) constantly divide + undergo meiosis

1 stem cell = 4 sperm

38
Q

Components of semen

A

Fluid from seminal vesicles

Sperm from vas deferens

Prostatic fluid from prostate

39
Q

Seminal vesicle secretions

A

Makes up majority of semen

Secretions have fructose (food) and clotting proteins (allows for clotting of semen)

Prostaglandins (stimulates sperm to swim + uterus to contact)

Alkaline fluid

40
Q

Prostatic fluid

A

Acidic/neutral fluid that provides a medium for sperm to swim

Has citric acid (nutrient for sperm)

Has protein digesting enzymes (breaks clot so sperm can swim out)

41
Q

Purpose of bulbourethral glands

A

During arousal, bulbourethal glans release alkaline fluid intro the urethra to neutralize acidic urine & some mucus (so sperm don’t touch urethra wall) to decrease sperm damage during ejaculation

42
Q

Similarities between 2 processes of gamete manufacture

A

FSH stimulates growth of gametes

LH stimulates production of hormones from the gonad

Hormones produced by the gonads feedback on the pituitary to decreased production of gonadotropins

43
Q

What does LH stimulate?

A

Stimulates ovarian follicle to make estrogen & progesterone

Stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to make testosterone

44
Q

How does negative feedback of the gonads occur?

A

Sex steroids!!

45
Q

Requirements for fertilization

A

Male

  • Has to be enough sperm per mL of semen
  • Has to make its way up to the Fallopian tube

Female

  • Egg has to be in the uterine tube
  • Cervical mucus can’t be too thick
  • The endometrium has to be in the secretory phase for a blastocyst
46
Q

Blocks of polyspermy (x2)

A
  1. Cell membrane of the oocyte depolarizes (prevents other sperm from contacting)
  2. The ZP hardens (due to enzymes released by the oocytes) –> no more sperm can enter
47
Q

Where is the site of fertilization?

A

The ampulla

48
Q

Importances of the zona pellucida

A

So the zygote doesn’t implant in the uterine tube

Once in the endometrium, the buildup of fluid causes ZP to crack open so now the blastocyst can implant

49
Q

What makes up the future placenta?

A

The trophoblasts

50
Q

Purpose of the yolk sac

A

Source for early blood cells

Membrane for nutrient exchange

Temporary waste storage (produced by metabolically active cells)

51
Q

Where does the amniotic cavity form?

A

Forms in the ectoderm –> completely surrounds the developing fetus

52
Q

Purpose of the connecting stalk

A

Leads to the trophoblasts

Becomes the umbilical cord

53
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

Skin & nervous system (CNS)

54
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

MSK & blood vessels + lymphatics

55
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Tube-like structures (GI, GU & respiratory tracts)

56
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Part of the yolk sack –> storage of waste

57
Q

What does the head fold give rise to?

A

CNS, spinal cord

58
Q

What does the tail end give rise to?

A

Sacral part of spinal cord

59
Q

Parts of the endoderm

A

Foregut: pharynx - duodenum (supply: celiac trunk)

Midgut: supplied by superior mesenteric a.

Hindgut: distal colon - rectum (supply: inferior mesenteric a.)

60
Q

Vessels of the umbilical cord (x3)

A

Large umbilical vein: supplies O2 rich blood from placenta –> fetus

2 smaller umbilical arteries: fetus –> placenta for waste

61
Q

Three stages of development

A
  1. Pre-embryonic
  2. Embryo
  3. Fetus
62
Q

Pre-embryonic phase of development

A

At the end of this phase, there is a tiny trophoblast

In the early parts of this phase, ZP is still present so embryo is isolated from maternal environment

63
Q

Embryonic phase

A

All major organs are assembled in this time –> organogenesis

Placenta is now much larger than the embryo & complete access to maternal circulation

64
Q

Fetal phase

A

Organs grow during this period –> histogenesis phase

65
Q

Problems in embryonic development

A

Major dysgenesis in organ systems –> caused by drugs on the maternal side

Thalidomide (anti-nausea pill) = interfered with development of upper limb bud (phocomelia)

Valproic acid (anti-seizure medication) = interfered with the proper closure of the neural tube (spina bifida)

66
Q

Problems in fetal development

A

Incomplete or abnormal development in organ systems

Microtia: incomplete growth of outer ear

Cataracts: lens are cloudy due to rubella virus (interrupted ion pumps within the lens)

67
Q

What is the decidua?

A

Stratum basalis + functionalis = maternal contribution to the placenta (where the blood comes in)

68
Q

What is the chorion?

A

Fetal contribution to the placenta (came from the trophoblasts)

69
Q

Purpose of the amniotic sac

A

Absorbs mechanical vibrations & helps fetus to strengthen muscles (resistance against water)

70
Q

What happens if there is too much amniotic fluid?

A

Can cause fetal distress during delivery

Can be caused due to diabetes at the time of pregnancy

71
Q

Purpose of anchoring villus

A

So the placenta doesn’t detach

72
Q

What are syncytiotrophoblasts?

A

Outer layer of cells that line the chorionic villi & separate maternal and fetal blood cells

Express very little MHC I molecules so the maternal immune system doesn’t attack

73
Q

What are cytotrophoblasts?

A

Cells that invade the maternal side to anchor + go into the maternal arteries

74
Q

What does extraembryonic mesoderm give rise to?

A

BVs in the chorionic villi

75
Q

What is found in the intervillous space?

A

Maternal blood

76
Q

Components of the umbilical cord

A

Gelatinous goo on the outside (Wharton’s jelly) = mesenchymal stem cells used to make MSK

Also fibroblasts (CT) and myofibroblasts (muscle)

77
Q

What is the source for cord-derived mesenchymal cells?

A

Wharton’s jelly (extraembryonic mesoderm)

78
Q

What is the source for blood-derived stem cells?

A

Cord blood

79
Q

Purpose of syncytiotrophoblasts

A

Cover + hide fetal structures

80
Q

Purpose of cytotrophoblasts

A

When trophoblasts invade the maternal endometrium, cytotrophoblasts will cover the SM –> allows for blood to fetus even under sympathetic stimulation

81
Q

What would happen if the cytotrophoblasts didn’t completely cover the arteries?

A

Fetal side: intrauterine growth restriction (not enough nutrients to fetus)

Maternal side: hypertension (preeclampsia)

82
Q

Maternal adaptions to pregnancy (x4)

A
  1. Cellular immunity decreases (must remain tolerant of paternal antigens)
  2. Increased blood volume and cardiac output
  3. Increased tidal volume (to increase CO2 loss: larger conc gradient)
  4. Myometrial mass increases greatly
83
Q

Positive feedback during childbirth

A
  1. Pressure on cervix
  2. Stretch receptors in cervix –> hypothalamus
  3. OT released by post. pituitary (receptors are found on myometrium)
  4. Uterus contracts
84
Q

How does the uterus wake up at term? (x4)

A
  1. Expression of lots of OT and prostaglandin (uterine contractions) receptors
  2. Stimulation/disinhibition of OT and PG production
  3. Decreased RMP (closer to threshold)
  4. More gap junctions expressed between myocytes

Anatomy 2FF3 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions