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Anatomy 2FF3 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood (x3)

A

Transportation: O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones etc.

Regulation: pH buffer, body temperature, water content

Protection: blood clotting, WBCs + antibodies

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2
Q

Components of blood

A

Plasma (water, proteins, hormones, glucose etc.)

Leukocytes (WBCs, buffy coat)

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

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3
Q

What makes up the formed elements of blood?

A

WBCs and RBCs

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4
Q

Ways to obtain a blood sample (x3)

A

Venipuncture (drawn via a vacutainer –> need this bc venous system is under low pressure)

Finger/heel stick: constantly sued to monitor sugar levels, and with infants to assess blood factors (K+ etc.)

Arterial stick: used to analyze arterial blood gases

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5
Q

Characteristics of RBCs

A

Biconcave disc

Large SA

No nucleus –> more space for O2 transport

Lack mitochondria (generation of ATP anaerobically)

Hemoglobin (red colour)

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6
Q

Relevance of biconcave shape of RBCs

A

Shape comes from RBC ejecting its nucleus during development

Allows for more SA for diffusion

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7
Q

Characteristics of hemoglobin

A

Made up of 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta)

Each chain has an iron-containing heme group

Each iron combines with 1 O2

Iron binds w O2 at the lungs and releases at tissues (then diffuses into interstitial fluid)

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8
Q

Hemoglobin and CO2

A

Carries CO2 in the globin part of the molecule

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9
Q

Hemoglobin and NO

A

Binds to NO (produced by endothelial cells)

Releases to cause vasodilation of SM cells

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10
Q

O2-Hb curve shifted right

A

Oxygen unbinds from hemoglobin more readily

Increased temp + CO2, decreased pH

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11
Q

O2-Hb curve shifted left

A

Oxygen is released from hemoglobin less readily

Decreased temperature + CO2 and increased pH

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12
Q

Steps of RBC production

A

Pluripotent stem cell –> myeloid stem cell –> proerythroblast –> reticulocyte (nucleus ejected) –> RBC

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13
Q

Key takeaways from RBC production

A

Cell decreases in size

Nucleus is removed

Cell becomes specialized

Cytoplasm fills with hemoglobin

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14
Q

Where does RBC production occur?

A

In red bone marrow

in long bone for infants

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15
Q

RBC production & aging

A

RBC production moves more axial & central (ribs + pelvis)

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16
Q

What happens when RBCs die?

A

Removed by spleen and liver (phagocytosed by macrophages)

Iron is recycled for formation of new RBCs

17
Q

What happens if destruction of RBCs > production?

A

Anemia

18
Q

RBC production homeostasis

A

Decreased O2 levels –> erythropoietin release from kidney –> stimulates red bone marrow –> more RBCs –> increased O2 carrying ability

19
Q

How can hypoxia occur?

A

Decreased RBCs, decreased O2 availability, increased O2 demands

20
Q

What is another way for erythropoietin to be released?

A

Renal a. stenosis

Less blood to kidney (kidney views it as decreased O2 –> release)

21
Q

What happens during kidney failure?

A

Not enough erythropoietin produced –> decreased RBC production (can’t maintain homeostasis)

22
Q

Characteristics of antigens

A

Any substance that causes an antibody response to be generated

Found on surface of RBCs

23
Q

Where are antibodies found?

A

In the blood plasma

24
Q

Antigens and antibodies

A

You don’t have the antibodies in your plasma that react with the antigens on your own RBCs

25
Q

What is blood typing?

A

Mixing blood with different antisera (contains antibodies)

If clumping occurs –> presence of that antigen on the RBCs

26
Q

What is cross matching?

A

Donor’s RBCs are mixed with patient’s serum

No clumping = patient does not have antibodies that will attack donor’s RBCs

27
Q

What is blood screening?

A

Recipient’s serum is tested against a panel of RBCs having antigens known to cause blood transfusion reactions

Detects antibodies in recipient’s serum

28
Q

Who is the universal donor?

A

Type O

29
Q

Who is the universal recipient?

A

Type AB

30
Q

Which is more common Rh+ or Rh-?

A

Rh+

31
Q

Anti Rh antibodies are harmful to…

A

Rh + babies

32
Q

Preventative measure for Rh- mothers

A

Injection of RhoGAM (contains anti-Rh antibodies)

Bind to + inactive the fetal Rh antigens before the mother’s immune system can produce its own antibodies

33
Q

Hemolytic disease of newborns

A

Rh+ baby and Rh- mother with anti Rh antigens

Baby would be jaundiced (breakdown of RBCs) + elevated bilirubin levels

34
Q

Iron deficient anemia

A

Iron is needed to produce hemoglobin (carries the oxygen)

Low Hb levels = not receiving enough oxygen –> fatigue

Anatomy 2FF3 (26 decks)

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