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Anatomy 2FF3 > Accessory Organs > Flashcards

Accessory Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What ligament separates the liver into two lobes?

A

Falciform ligament

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2
Q

Purpose of hepatic ducts

A

Brings bile + bile salts from different liver lobes –> gallbladder

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3
Q

What is the porta hepatis? What is apart of it?

A

Where a lot of structures comes via inferior surface of liver

  • Hepatic artery
  • Hepatic portal vein
  • Common hepatic duct: brings bile salt from liver –> S.I. (during meals) or gallbladder (storage)
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4
Q

Bile salts in-between meals

A

Travels from common hepatic duct –> gall bladder via cystic duct

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5
Q

What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

Common bile duct converges with pancreatic duct here

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6
Q

What is the Sphincter of Oddi?

A
  • Duodenal papilla of the S.I.
  • Goes to the duodenum
  • Stays closed during meals
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7
Q

Dual blood supply of the liver

A
  • Receives O2 rich blood from abdominal aorta via celiac trunk
  • Mixes with the deoxy blood returning from GI tract
  • All blood is drained by hepatic vein –> IVC –> RA
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8
Q

Cell types of the liver (x2)

A

Hepatocytes and Kupffer cells

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9
Q

Which liver cell makes up most of the liver cells?

A

Hepatocytes

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10
Q

Functions of hepatocytes

A

Synthesize proteins, store nutrients (glucose + lipids), detoxify drugs + metabolize Vit D

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11
Q

Functions of Kupffer cells

A
  • 80% of body’s macrophages
  • Exist in dilated spaces between hepatocytes
  • Phagocytosis of microbes, toxins, damaged WBCs & RBCs
  • Found in hepatic sinusoids
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12
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A
  • Formed by sinusoid capillaries (huge gaps + incomplete basement membrane)
  • Allows proteins (albumin, clotting factors + complement proteins) made by hepatocytes to move through
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13
Q

Hepatic triad

A
  1. Bile duct
  2. Venule from hepatic portal vein
  3. Hepatic arteriole from hepatic a.
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14
Q

Flow of blood and bile

A

The direction of bile flow is opposite to the blood

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15
Q

Roles of the liver

A
  • Process/store intestinal nutrients (amino acids, lipids + vitamins)
  • Synthesis of serum proteins
  • Process drugs & hormones
  • Storage of iron & excretion of bilirubin
  • Aids in digestion (bile)
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16
Q

Why can’t the liver store glucose?

A

Water follows glucose so hepatocytes would burst

This is why it has to be stored as glycogen

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17
Q

Role of glycogen

A

Liver stores glucose (monosaccharide) as glycogen (polysaccharide)

Breaks down into glucose during times of need (used by CNS)

18
Q

What happens when the sugar capacity is full?

A

Liver converts glucose into fatty acids or triglycerides

Goes to adipose

19
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Liver creates glucose from lactic acid (waste from anaerobic respiration), pyruvate & amino acids (broken down, use the C chains)

Can also be made from triglycerides (with glycerol backbone)

20
Q

Why can’t you use the glycogen in skeletal muscle?

A

Because its been phosphorylated so its trapped in skeletal muscle and can’t be used by other systems

21
Q

Processing of amino acids

A

Essential amino acids are used for protein synthesis (e.g. albumin)

The liver converts toxic ammonia to urea (water soluble; then excreted by kidneys)
- Ammonia is produced during the breakdown of amino acids in liver

22
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

The way in which breakdown products of fatty acids are packaged by the intestinal absorptive cell –> lacteal –> circulation

23
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Lipids attached to proteins; makes them miscible in the watery matrix of blood

24
Q

Lipoproteins (x3)

A
  1. VLDL: transports fats made by hepatocytes (liver) –> adipocytes
  2. LDL: transports cholesterol to tissues
    • Excess of this accumulates under the endothelium in blood vessels
    • Most cholesterol is generated by liver (not just from diet)
  3. HDL: returns excess cholesterol from tissues –> liver (puts it into bile salts)

NOTE: fibre can trap cholesterol + eliminate it (high fibre diet)

25
Q

Vitamin A

A

Converted to retinyl esters (vision, rods for night vision)

26
Q

Vitamin D

A

Used in bone metabolism
- Active form of Vit D (calcitrol) tells kidney not to pee out calcium

Can be synthesized (needs UV)
- UV activates precursors in skin –> liver –> kidney (controlled by PTH)

27
Q

Vitamin E

A

Antioxidant

ROS reacts with proteins + DNA which results in aging

Vitamin E gets rid of ROS

28
Q

Vitamin K

A

Utilized by hepatocytes to form functional coagulation factors

29
Q

Synthesis of serum proteins

A

Liver synthesizes: albumin, coagulation factors, complement proteins and a & b globulins

30
Q

Role of albumin

A

Provides colloid osmotic pressure that allows for fluid that escaped the capillary bed to come back into vascular space (so we don’t lose too much fluid to the tissues)

Acts as a taxi for hormones/cations/bilirubins etc.

31
Q

Storage of iron

A

Liver stores iron via ferritin

Iron is bound to transferrin for transport in circulation

Heme from damaged RBCs return to the liver where iron is scavenged & the heme is discarded as bilirubin (bile)

Accumulation of bilirubin in tissues = jaundice

32
Q

Functions of bile

A
  • Lipid digestion
  • Cholesterol metabolism
  • Excretion of lipid soluble drugs
33
Q

Composition of bile

A
  • Bile salts (for emulsification)
  • Cholesterol
  • Bilirubin
  • Electrolytes (sodium + chloride)
34
Q

Bile storage + recycling

A

Stored in the gall bladder until needed

Recycled by the ileum (was dumped into duodenum to help w fat breakdown)

35
Q

How to reduce cholesterol

A

Lots of fibre!

Reduces cholesterol + increased excretion of excess bile

36
Q

3 F’s of developing gallstones

A

Female, 40 & fertile

Estrogen = more cholesterol and less water

37
Q

Control of gallbladder function

A

Parasym input = very weak contractions during cephalic phase + tells liver to increase bile production

When fat enters duodenum, CCK and secretin are released

CCK gets gallbladder smooth muscle to contract + release bile

Secretin increases production of bicarb-rich bile secretions by hepatocytes

38
Q

Exocrine functions; pancreas

A

Products of exocrine (juices/enzymes) enter the duodenum via hepatopancreatic ampulla

90% of pancreas

39
Q

Gall stones at Sphincter of Oddi

A

Leads to pancreatitis

Pancreatic secretion backup: inflammatory enzymes can activate pancreatic enzymes –> autodigestion

40
Q

Endocrine functions; pancreas

A

Endocrine products enter the BS

Occurs in Islets of Langerhans
- Secrete hormones (insulin + glycogen) that go into BS and regulate glucose

41
Q

Regulation of pancreatic exocrine function

A

During cephalic phase, vagus n. activates pancreas to release bicarb-rich juice (weak activation)

Chyme enters duodenum –> CCK and secretin release

42
Q

Pancreatic endocrine function (blood glucose homeostasis)

A

Glucagon is released from alpha cells of pancreatic islets

Insulin is released from beta cells

High blood sugar = increased insulin (tells tissues to store glucose)
- Liver turns glucose –> glycogen

Low blood sugar = increased glycogen
- Glucagon talks to liver to convert glycogen –> glucose

Anatomy 2FF3 (26 decks)

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