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BVetMed 1 > Urogenital > Flashcards

Urogenital Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 functions does the testis have?

A
  1. Production and transmission of male genes (spermatozoa).

2. Production of reproductive hormones (androgens).

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2
Q

What is an androgen?

A

A hormone that controls the development and maintenance of male characteristics in the body.

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3
Q

What is the name of the process of sperm production and development?

A

Spermatogenesis.

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4
Q

What are the 2 main androgens?

A

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.

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5
Q

What 2 discrete compartments are there in the testis?

A

Within the seminiferous tubule and between seminiferous tubules.

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6
Q

What is contained within the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sperm at various stages of development, sertoli cells, tubule lumen.

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7
Q

What is outside the seminiferous tubules?

A

Leydig cells.

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8
Q

What do Leydig cells do?

A

They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH).

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9
Q

What is the role of Sertoli cells? (vague)

A

Nourish the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis, hence they control spermatogenesis.

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10
Q

What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis in order?

A
  1. Mitotic proliferation
  2. Meiotic division
  3. Cytodifferentiation (spermiogenesis).
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11
Q

What is mitotic proliferation? (Spermatogenesis)

A

The process that produces large numbers of spermatogonia from gonocytes.

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12
Q

Where does mitotic proliferation take place? (Spermatogenesis)

A

The basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule.

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13
Q

Are spermatogonia haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid, they haven’t undergone meiosis yet.

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14
Q

Are spermatogonia genetically identical or not?

A

They are genetically identical.

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15
Q

What is meiotic division? (Spermatogenesis)

A

The process that generated genetic diversity in developing sperm and creates haploid cells.

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16
Q

Where does meiotic division take place? (Spermatogenesis)

A

The adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule.

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17
Q

What are developing sperm cells called after the first round of meiotic division?

A

Spermatocytes.

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18
Q

What are developing sperm cells called after the second round of meiotic division?

A

Spermatids.

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19
Q

What is cytodifferentiation (spermiogenesis)? (Spermatogenesis)

A

Developing sperm cells change from typical ‘cell’ shape into typical ‘sperm’ shape with a head, mid-piece and tail.

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20
Q

What are spermatozoa?

A

Sperm that are fully developed in the testis and have the typical ‘sperm’ shape.

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21
Q

What are the 5 cells taking part in the stages of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Gonocyte
  2. Spermatogonia
  3. Spermatocyte
  4. Spermatid
  5. Spermatozoa
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22
Q

Towards the end of spermatogenesis, which end of the spermatozoa is orientated so that it protrudes into the seminiferous tubule lumen?

A

The tail of the spermatozoa.

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23
Q

How do Sertoli cells nourish developing sperm cells? (specific)

A
  1. Transfer of developmental proteins to spermatocytes
  2. Removal of material from elongating spermatids
  3. Mediate (testosterone) hormone action
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24
Q

How is a coordinated wave of spermatogenesis achieved?

A

All the sertoli cells are linked with gap junctions.

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25
Q

What are the 2 gonadotrophins?

A

LH and FSH.

26
Q

What is the precursor for all steroid hormones, including testosterone?

A

Cholesterol.

27
Q

What does pituitary derived LH stimulate? And hence what does it affect the production of? (male)

A

Leydig cells and production of testosterone (and DHT).

28
Q

What does FSH act upon? And what does it stimulate? (male)

A

Acts on sertoli cells by stimulating the production of androgen receptor proteins.

29
Q

What does FSH allow? (male)

A

It allows sertoli cells to respond to androgens.

30
Q

What can testosterone affect? And how? (male)

A

Spermatogenesis and testosterone levels: Can affect spermatogenesis by transferring into DHT in sertoli cells. Can also act on the anterior pituitary or hypothalamus and cause reduction in testosterone levels by negative feedback.

31
Q

How many sperm reach the oocyte per million sperm ejaculated?

A

1 per million.

32
Q

What structures do sperm cells travel through to get to the penis?

A

Lumen of the seminiferous tubule, rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis (head, body, tail), vas deferens.

33
Q

What are the 3 alternate names for the head, body and tail of the epididymis?

A

Caput (head), Corpus (body), Cauda (tail).

34
Q

How long does passage through the epididymis take?

A

6-12 days.

35
Q

What happens in the caput (head) of the epididymis?

A

Fluid from the sertoli cells is reabsorbed so the sperm are concentrated.

36
Q

After the fluid that the sperm travel in is reabsorbed (caput, epididymis) how are the sperm then transported?

A

Forced through the epididymis by contractions of muscles in the epididymis.

37
Q

What happens in the corpus (body) of the epididymis?

A

Modifications in the biochemistry of the sperm and its environment, part of sperm maturation, which allows the sperm to stabilise.

38
Q

What happens in the cauda (tail) of the epididymis?

A

The sperm are stored until ejaculation.

39
Q

What 4 things change in the process of sperm maturation in the epididymis?

A
  1. Sperm structure - loses surplus cytoplasm
  2. Sperm membranes - addition of surface glycoproteins
  3. Metabolism - depresses to extend cell life
  4. Motility - first become motile
    * see lecture slides for much greater detail and more changes*
40
Q

When do the sperm first become motile?

A

Once they have traveled through the epididymis.

41
Q

Are the sperm motile before travelling through the epididymis?

A

NO! - exam question.

42
Q

What 3 things move sperm through uterine tracts?

A
  1. Motility of sperm
  2. Fluid currents caused by uterine cilia
  3. Uterine contractions
43
Q

What is the fluid aspect of the ejaculate called?

A

Seminal plasma.

44
Q

Where is seminal plasma derived from?

A

Secretions of some of the accessory secretory glands.

45
Q

What are the 5 male accessory secretory glands? (Presence varies between species)

A

Ampullary, vesicular, prostate, bulbourethral, and urethral glands.

46
Q

Which 4 accessory secretory glands are responsible for producing seminal plasma? (Presence varies between species)

A

Ampullary, vesicular (seminal vesicle), bulbourethral and prostate.

47
Q

What do bulbourethral glands do?

A

They produce pre-ejaculate in some species, primarily pigs.

48
Q

Describe the location of the ampulla.

A

Where the vas deferens thicken as the pass over the bladder.

49
Q

How much ejaculate does a ram produce?

A

1-2ml

50
Q

How much ejaculate does a human produce?

A

3ml

51
Q

How much ejaculate does a boar produce?

A

500ml

52
Q

What is the purpose of a pre-ejaculate?

A

To increase the pH of the female tract to make the environment less hostile for the sperm.

53
Q

What are the 7 constituents of seminal plasma?

A
  1. Glycoproteins
  2. Fructose and Sorbitol
  3. Citric acid
  4. Acid phosphotase
  5. Buffers
  6. Ascorbic acid
  7. Prostoglandins
54
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

Cause softening of the cervix and muscle contractions in uterus.

55
Q

Which species have a fibroelastic penis?

Dog, Ram, Cat, Bull, Boar, Stallion

A

Ram, Bull, Boar.

56
Q

What erectile tissue does a penis have?

A

Corpus cavernosum, Corpus spongiosum

57
Q

What does a sigmoid flexure do?

A

Allows the penis to be retracted into the body until erection.

58
Q

How is a sigmoid flexure formed?

A

Contracted retractor penis muscles cause the s-shaped bending.

59
Q

Which species have a musculovascular penis?

Dog, Ram, Cat, Bull, Boar, Stallion

A

Dog, Cat, Stallion.

60
Q

What are the 3 sections of the penis?

A

The base (attached to ischial arch), the shaft and the glans penis.

61
Q

What are the 2 types of penis?

A

Fibroelastic penis, musculovascular penis.

62
Q

What 4 muscles are associated with the pelvic urethra and the penis?

A

Urethralis, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, retractor penis.

BVetMed 1 (9 decks)

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