Locomotion - Joints and tendons Flashcards
What is articular (hyaline) cartilage?
Cartilage that is hyaline (transparent), found in joints on the articular surface of bones.
Does cartilage have a nervous or vascular supply?
No.
Which is the most common type of joint in mammals?
Synovial joints.
What is a joint?
(A.k.a. articulations) they are strong connections that join the bones, teeth, and cartilage of the body to one another.
What is a synovial joint?
A joint containing a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid that is surrounded by a synovial membrane and a fibrous joint capsule.
Where is synovial fluid secreted from?
The synovial membrane.
What colour is synovial fluid?
Clear/straw coloured.
What 3 roles does synovial fluid play in synovial joints?
Provides lubrication, absorbs shock, provides nutrient and waste transportation.
What is a meniscus?
A crescent-shaped/’C’ shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that provides a surface for articulation.
What function do the menisci in the knee (patellar joint) fulfill?
The menisci redistribute pressure about the joint surfaces during articulation by their ability to move and hence they can cushion blows. They also contribute to the lubrication and nourishment of the joint.
What are the full names for the two menisci in the knee?
Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus.
What is a bursae?
A fluid filled ‘cushion’, found in most joints in the body, that rests between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the structures.
What is a tendon sheath?
A protective structure around a tendon. It allows for the smooth gliding of the tendon over structures that would otherwise likely cause friction and damage.
What two layers are in a tendon sheath?
A synovial sheath and fibrous tendon sheath.
What is a synsarcosis joint?
A joint where the attachments form from muscle only.
Give an example of a synsarcosis joint.
Shoulder (Scapula) joint.
What is a fibrous joint?
Usually a fully fixed or immovable joint, where the bones are connected with dense connective tissue. (There is an exception.)
Fibrous joint - suture example
A joint where the bones gradually fuse together, such as the bones of the skull during early childhood.
What 3 types of fibrous joint are there?
Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphosis
Fibrous joint - syndesmoses example
A slightly movable (amphiarthrodial) joint found between some long bones of the body such as the radius and ulna.
Fibrous joint - gomphosis example
A joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets in the maxilla or mandible.
What is a cartilaginous joint?
They are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline). They allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint.
Give an example of a cartilaginous joint.
Intervertebral disks, sternocostal joints.
What are the 6 possible directions something can move?
- Up/down
- Left/right
- Forward/backward
- Tilting forward/backward (pitching)
- Turning left/right (yawing)
- Tilting side to side (rolling)
