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BVetMed 1 > Principles Of Science > Flashcards

Principles Of Science Flashcards

1
Q

What functions does a simple cuboidal epithelium have?

A

It has absorptive or secretory functions.

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2
Q

What is a simple squamous epithelium?

A

An epithelium that is one cell thick with flattened cells.

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3
Q

What functions does a simple squamous epithelium have?

A

The epithelium is permeable to molecules such as oxygen so it lines the blood vessels and alveoli.

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4
Q

What is a simple columnar epithelium?

A

The epithelium is one cell thick and consists of tall, narrow cells.

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5
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

The epithelium lines the organs that have absorptive functions (small and large intestines) or that have secretory functions (digestive glands).

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6
Q

What is ciliated epithelium?

A

A specialised epithelium consisting of a single layer of column-shaped cells with hair-like projections (cilia) that extend into the lumen.

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7
Q

What is the function of ciliated epithelium?

A

The epithelium ‘wafts’ foreign particles along the epithelial surface and out of the body.

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8
Q

Which areas of the body can ciliated epithelia be found?

A

The epithelia can be found in the upper respiratory tract and the uterine tubes of the female reproductive system.

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9
Q

What is a stratified epithelium?

A

A multi-layered epithelium - can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar or transitional.

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10
Q

What is a simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

The least specialised epithelium, one cell thick with cube-shaped cells.

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11
Q

What is a pseudostratified epithelium?

A

An epithelium that appears to be multilayered but is actually only a single layer of cells.

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12
Q

What 6 steps are there to produce a histology slide?

A

Fixation, embedding, cutting into sections, mounting, staining, covering.

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13
Q

Which stain turns nuclei blue/purple?

A

Haematoxylin.

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14
Q

Which stain mainly stains cytoplasms pink?

A

Eosin.

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15
Q

How often is the entire human skeleton replaced?

A

7 years

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16
Q

What does radiation poisoning do to the cell cycle?

A

It halts the cell cycle, this is why the gut’s organs fail first.

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17
Q

What 3 cycles make up the cell cycle?

A

Centrosome cycle, chromosomal cycle, cytoplasmic cycle.

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18
Q

What is the chromosome cycle?

A

DNA replication and segregation (mitosis).

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19
Q

What is the cytoplasmic cycle?

A

Organelle replication and physical division (cytokinesis).

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20
Q

What is the centrosome cycle?

A

Replication of the mitotic spindle.

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21
Q

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, M

G1, S, G2 = Interphase

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22
Q

What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

The start point of the cycle, a gap phase, where normal cell activity takes place (biosynthesis).

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23
Q

Which of the 4 stages of the cell cycle is the longest? (Exclude G0)

A

G1

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24
Q

What is the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

The phase of synthesis where the cell content doubles (DNA and cytoplasm).

25
Q

What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

The second gap phase where normal biosynthesis resumes. Only occurs after all DNA has replicated.

26
Q

What is the M phase of the cell cycle?

A

The mitotic phase (relatively very short phase) involving both mitosis and cytokinesis.

27
Q

What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

A

A transient or permanent phase where the cell exits the cell cycle.

28
Q

What are the 5 main stages of mitosis? And what can be considered to be the 6th phase?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. a. Anaphase
  5. Telophase

4.b. Cytokinesis

29
Q

What is prophase?

A

The first step of mitosis.

30
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The chromosomes begin to condense (shorten and thicken). The mitotic spindle begins to assemble.

31
Q

What is prometaphase?

A

The second step of mitosis.

32
Q

What 3 things happen during prometaphase?

A
  1. The nuclear membrane begins to break down.
  2. Mitotic spindle apparatus and chromosomes meet. (Attachment is via microtubules connected to kinetochores.)
  3. Spindle apparatus moves towards poles.
33
Q

What is kinetochore?

A

A protein that wraps around the centromere of the sister chromatids. It provides a site for microtubules to attach.

34
Q

What is metaphase?

A

The third step of mitosis.

35
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Sister chromatids align on the cell equator forming “the metaphase plate”.

36
Q

What is anaphase?

A

The fourth step of mitosis.

37
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

The sister chromatids are separated by separase and spindle apparatus.

38
Q

What is separase and when is it seen? (Not role)

A

An enzyme that takes part in early anaphase. (A.k.a. separin)

39
Q

What does separase do?

A

It is a cysteine protease that hydrolyses cohesin, which is the protein responsible for binding sister chromatids, allowing them to be pulled apart by the spindle apparatus.

40
Q

What 3 things causes the physical pulling apart of the sister chromatids?

A
  1. Spindle apparatus at poles moves further outwards.
  2. Microtubules shorten.
  3. Chromosomes slide along the microtubule.
41
Q

What is telophase?

A

The fifth step of mitosis.

42
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

The cell splits into 2: The chromosomes arrive at the poles. The chromosomes decondense. The nuclear envelope forms.

43
Q

When does cytokinesis start and finish?

A

Start - anaphase.

Finish - telophase.

44
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

An actinomyosin ring assembles under the cell membrane and contraction of the ring pinches the cell into 2.

45
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process of turning stem cells into specific cell types.

46
Q

What stage of the cell cycle are most differentiated cells considered to be in?

A

G0, as they are post mitotic.

47
Q

In general, what 3 things can initiate cell differentiation?

A

Signals from other cells, the ECM and hormones.

48
Q

What are the two steps in cell differentiation?

A

Specification and determination

49
Q

What is specification? (Cell differentiation)

A

“Not Fate Committed”

When cells are capable of autonomous differentiation in isolation but the differentiation can be reverse.

50
Q

What is determination? (Cell differentiation)

A

“Fate Committed”

When cells are considered to irreversibly differentiate into a specific cell type, even when placed amongst other cell types.

51
Q

What is terminal differentiation?

A

When the division of the cell must cease for differentiation to occur (it enters G0 stage).

52
Q

What 4 types of information transmission occur in the body?

A
  1. Contact-dependent
  2. Paracrine
  3. Endocrine
  4. Neuronal
53
Q

What is contact-dependent transmission?

A

Transmission where a membrane bound signal requires the signalling cell to interact directly with the target cell.

54
Q

What is paracrine transmission?

A

Transmission where a signalling cell releases a local mediator chemical that affects target cells locally.

55
Q

What is endocrine transmission?

A

Transmission where an endocrine cell releases hormones that travel in the blood to their target cells.

56
Q

What is neuronal transmission?

A

Transmission where an action potential in a neurone cell causes release of neurotransmitters into a synapse where they are received by the target (post-synaptic) cell.

57
Q

Sort the 4 types of transmission into where they affect target cells: local or distant?

A

Local:
Contact-dependent, Paracrine
Distant:
Endocrine, Neuronal

58
Q

List the main parts of a neurone

A

Dendrites, cell body, axon (myelin sheath)

59
Q

What feature of some neurones allows for faster action potential transmission?

A

Myelinated sheath

BVetMed 1 (9 decks)

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