Urinary Tract Obstruction

Question 1

What are the causes of upper urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 1

Stone 
Clot 
Fungal ball 
Scar tissue 
Tumour 
Abdominal mass 
Lymph nodes

Question 2

What are the symptoms of upper urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 2

Pain
Frank haematuria
Symptoms of complications

Question 3

What are the signs of upper urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 3

Palpable mass
Microscopic haematuria
Signs of complications

Question 4

What are the complications of upper urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 4

Infection and sepsis

Renal failure

Question 5

What is the emergency treatment for upper urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 5

Percutaneous nephostomy insertion

Retrograde stent insertion

Question 6

What is the definitive treatment for upper urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 6

Stone (ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy)
Tumour (radical nephro-ureterectomy)
PUJ obstruction (Laparoscopic pyeloplasty)

Question 7

What is the resuscitation process for upper urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 7

ABCs 
IV access, bloods, ABG, urine and blood cultures 
IV fluids, broad spectrum antibiotics 
Analgesia 
HDU care

Question 8

What is the emergency treatment for lower urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 8

Urethral cauterisation

Suprapubic catheterisation

Question 9

What is the definitive treatment for lower urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 9

Treat underlying cause 
BPE (TURP) 
Urethral stricture (optical urethrotomy)
Meatal stenosis (metal dilatation) 
Phimosis (circumcision)

Question 10

What is the presentation of lower urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 10

Acute or chronic urinary retention 
Frank haematuria 
Formation of bladder stones
Renal failure 
Recurrent UTI and sepsis