Chronic Kidney Disease

Question 1

What is the definition of chronic renal failure?

Answer 1

Irreversible and significant loss of renal function

Question 2

How do we assess for kidney disease?

Answer 2

eGFR from creatinine blood test
Check for presence of blood or protein in urine
Histology
Radiography

Question 3

What is the definition of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 3

Presence of kidney damage or GFR <60ml/min/1.73m2 that is present for >3 months

Question 4

What are the complications of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 4

Acidosis 
Anaemia 
Bone disease 
Fluid overload 
Gout 
Hypertension 
Death and dialysis 
Cardiovascular

Question 5

What is the aetiology of CKD?

Answer 5

Diabetes 
Malignancy 
Hypertension 
NSAIDs
Polycystic kidney disease 
Glomerulonephritis 
Renovascular disease

Question 6

What is the route in the detection of the aetiology of CKD?

Answer 6

History and examination 
Full blood count 
U and Es 
Urinalysis 
Protein quantification 
Ultrasound 
CT/MRI 
Renal biopsy

Question 7

What are the possible interventions used to slow the rate of renal decline?

Answer 7

BP control 
Control proteinuria 
Treat causes 
Control acidosis 
Lipid lowering 
Dietary protein restriction

Question 8

What is the treatment for anaemia?

Answer 8

Iron replacement

ESA therapy

Question 9

What is the treatment for metabolic acidosis?

Answer 9

Oral sodium bicarbonate

Question 10

How is renal bone disease managed?

Answer 10

Control phosphate (diet, phosphate binders) 
Normalise calcium and PTH

Question 11

What is the chronic treatment for hyperkalaemia?

Answer 11

Diet

Drug modifications

Question 12

What is the treatment for fluid overload?

Answer 12

Sodium restriction
Fluid restriction
Loop diuretics