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Renal > Presentation of Diseases of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Presentation of Diseases of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What does the upper urinary tract consist of?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

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2
Q

What does the lower urinary tract consist of?

A

Bladder

Bladder outflow tract (bladder neck to foreskin)

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3
Q

What are the presenting symptoms found in renal disease?

A 
Pain 
Pyrexia 
Haematuria 
Proeteinuria 
Pyuria 
Mass on palpation 
Renal failure
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4
Q

What is the definition of oliguria?

A

Urine output <0.5ml/kg/hour

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5
Q

What is the definition of anuria?

A

<100ml/24 hours

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6
Q

What is the definition of polyuria?

A

Urine output >3L/24 hours

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7
Q

What is the definition of nocturia?

A

Waking up at night more than once to micturate

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8
Q

What is the definition of nocturnal polyuria?

A

Nocturnal urine output >1/3 of total urine output in 24 hours

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9
Q

What is the presentation of chronic renal failure?

A 
Tiredness 
Anaemia
Oedema 
Hypertension 
Bone pain 
Pruritus 
Nausea/vomiting
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10
Q

What is the presentation of ureteric diseases?

A 
Pain 
Pyrexia 
Haematuria 
Palpable mass 
Renal failure
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11
Q

What is the presentation of bladder diseases?

A 
Pain 
Pyrexia 
Haematuria 
Recurrent UTIs 
Chronic urinary retention 
Lower urinary tract symptoms 
Urinary leak from vagina 
Pneumaturia
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12
Q

What is the presentation of bladder outflow diseases?

A 
Pain 
Pyrexia 
Haematuria 
Lower urinary tract symptoms 
Recurrent UTIs 
Acute and chronic urinary retention
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13
Q

What are the possible causes of renal disease?

A 
Renal tumours 
Blunt tumours 
Glomerulonephritis 
Polycystic kidney disease 
Nephrotic syndrome 
Nephrotoxicity 
Diabetes 
Hypertension
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14
Q

What are the possible causes of ureteric disease?

A 
Ureteritis 
PUJ obstruction 
VUJ reflux 
Obstruction (stone, clot, scar tissue) 
TCC of ureter, bladder
Pelvic malignancy
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15
Q

What are the possible causes of bladder diseases?

A 
Cystitis 
TCC of bladder, SCC of bladder 
Interstitial cystitis 
Colo-vesical fistula 
Overactive bladder syndrome 
Chronic urinary retention
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16
Q

What are the possible causes of bladder outflow diseases?

A 
Prostatitis 
Balanitis 
Prostate cancer 
Penile cancer 
Chronic pelvic pain syndrome 
Primary bladder neck obstruction 
Phimosis 
Meatal stenosis 
Urethral stricture 
Benign prostatic enlargement
17
Q

What is the definition of acute urinary retention?

A

Painful inability to void with a palpable and permissible bladder

18
Q

What is the main risk factor for acute urinary retention?

A

BPO

19
Q

What is the treatment for acute urinary retention?

A

Catheterisation

TURP (if due to BPE)

20
Q

What are the complications of acute urinary retention?

A 
UTI 
Post-decompression haematuria 
Pathological diuresis 
Renal failure 
Electrolyte abnormalities
21
Q

What is the definition of chronic urinary retention?

A

Painless, palpable and permissible bladder after voiding

22
Q

What is the aetiological factor of chronic urinary retention?

A

Detrusor under activity

23
Q

What is the treatment for chronic urinary retention?

A

Catheterisation

TURP (if due to BPE)

24
Q

What are the complications of chronic urinary retention?

A 
UTI 
Post-decompression haematuria 
Pathological diuresis 
Electrolyte abnormalities 
Persistent renal dysfunction
25
Q

How is pathological diuresis managed?

A

IV fluids and monitor closely

26
Q

What are the symptoms of UTI?

A 
Fever >38C 
Loin/flank pain or tenderness 
Suprapubic pain or tenderness 
Urinary frequency and urgency 
Dysuria
27
Q

What are the types of UTIs?

A

Complicated

Uncomplicated

28
Q

What is the definition of recurrent UTI?

A

> 3 UTIs per year

29
Q

What is the definition of relapsed UTI?

A

UTI by same organisms within 2 weeks of preceding UTI

30
Q

What are the complications of UTIs?

A 
Sepsis 
Renal failure 
Bladder malignancy 
Acute urinary retention 
Frank haematuria
31
Q

What are the investigations for UTI?

A 
MSSU/CSU 
Flow studies 
Cystoscopy 
Residual bladder scan 
USS kidneys 
IVU/CT-KUB
32
Q

What is the treatment for UTI?

A

Appropriate antibiotic therapy

Treat complications and cause

33
Q

What are emergencies related to urinary tract diseases?

A 
Acute renal failure 
Renal colic 
Sepsis 
Severe haematuria causing haemorrhage
Testicular torsion 
Chronic high pressure urinary retention

Renal (24 decks)

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