Urinary System (ch. 17 & 18) Flashcards
What are the 4 functions of the urinary system?
- Remove salts and nitrogen waste
- Maintain normal concentrations of water and electrolytes
- Regulate pH and volume of fluids
- Control RBC production and blood pressure
Describe the shape of the kidney
.
What is the outer layer of the kidney called?
Renal capsule
What is the entrance to the kidney called
Helium
What is the name of the layer that is deeper than the renal capsule
Renal cortex
What are the renal pyramids
Pyramid shape structures in the medula, nephrons are located in the pyramid
Where are nephrons located?
In the renal pyramid
What layer contains the renal pyramids
Renal medulla
The renal pyramids have small projections at the ends of them that are called
Renal papilla
What is the name of the funnel shaped end of the ureter inside the renal sinus
Renal pelvis
What is the name of the large tubes that lead into the ureter
Major calyx
What is the name of the small tubes that lead into the major calyces
Minor calyx
What does erythropoietin control
Rbc production
What vitamin do the kidneys activate
Vitamin D
What enzyme helps control blood pressure
Renin
Order of vessels that lead into the kidney
Renal arteries - interlobar artery - accurate artery - afferent arteriole - nephrons - efferent arteriole - interlobular vein - accurate vein - interlobar vein - renal veins - inferior vena cava
What is the functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
How many nephrons are in a kidney
1 million
What is the glomerulus
Cluster of capillaries
What is the glomerular capsule
Contains the glomerulus, receives the filtered fluid, the beginning of the renal tube
Fill in the blanks for the tubule in the nephron
Glomerular capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - descending limb of the nephron loop - ascending limb of nephron loop - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct - papillae - minor calyx - major calyx - ureter
Which is smaller in diameter (afferent arteriole or the efferent arteriole)? Why is it important?
- efferent
- helps build pressure to increase glomerular filtration
Which is larger in diameter, the afferent or efferent arteriole?
Afferent
What is the tube that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder
Ureter
List the 3 layers of the ureter
Mucous (inner), muscular, fibrous (outer)
What is the triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder
Trigone
List the 4 layers of the bladder
Mucous (inner), submucous, muscular, serous (outer)
What is the name of the tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the Boyd?
Urethra
Where is the mic turnitin reflex center located?
Spinal cord
What is my turnitin
Urination
Describe glomerular filtration
- a lot of fluid leaves the capillaries, increases when fluids are in excess, decreases when fluids need to be conserved, moves substances from blood to renal tube
Describe tubular reabsorption
Occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, moves substances from renal tube to blood, helps the body keep things that are wanted in the body
Describe tubular secretion
Moves substances from blood to renal tube, things that the body wants to excrete
What is the name of the fluid that is the result of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
Urine
Urine is ____ % water
95%
List three things that are in urine besides water
Urea, Uris acid, electrolytes, small amounts of amino acids
Wat is the average amount of urine produced in a day
.6 - 2.5 L
What happens to the glomerular filtration rate when fluids are in excess
Increases
What happens to the glomerular filtration rate when the body must conserve fluids
Decreases
If blood pressure drops, filtrate rate increases or decreases
Decreases
If blood pressure increases, filtrate rate increases or decreases?
Increases
What the filtration rate increase, the amount of urine produced increases or decreases?
Increases
When filtration rate increases, the amount of urine produces increases or decreases?
Decreases
Renin can cause what change in the filtration rate?
Decreases filtration rate (less urine is produced)
What is the function of aldosterone
Reabsorbs sodium (keeps more sodium in the body)
What is the function of ADH?
Reabsorbs water (keeps more water in the body - less urine is produced with ADH)
If fluid intake is high, ADH is increased or decreased? More or less urine is produced?
- decreased
- more
What does coffee or beer do to the production of urine? Why?
Increases urine production; they are diuretics which means they block ADH, which leads to more production of urine
What is the name of a molecule that releases ions in water
Electrolyte
Which gender usually contains a higher % of water? Why?
- men
- women have more adipose tissue
How much water does an average adult usually take in during a day? How much water does the average adult excrete during a day?
2500 mL
What are the 3 main ways that we take in water in order of the most % to the least %
Beverages
Food
Water of metabolism
Where is the thirst center?
Hypothalamus
What causes thirst?
- body loses water, osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids increases, stimulates osmoreceptors in the thirst center, causes thirst
How does my body protect itself from taking in too much water when thirsty
Stomach wall is distended, triggers nerve impulses that inhibit the thirst mechanism, thirst stops even before the swallowed water is absorbed
What are the 4 main ways a body loses water in order of most to least %
Urination, respiration, feces, sweat
List 5 electrolytes that the Boyd needs
Calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, phosphate, bicarbonate, hydrogen
How does a person usually get the appropriate electrolytes
Eating and drinking by responding to normal hunger and thirst
How does the body lose electrolytes
Sweat, feces, urine
What is the normal pH of blood
7.35 - 7.45
What is it called if the pH of the blood is too low
Acidosis
What is it called if the pH of blood is too high
Alkalosis
cysts in the kidneys - hereditary disorder
Polycystic kidney disease
infection in the urinary system - bacteria enters the urinary tract and leads to infection.
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidney (calcium stones are the most common). nausea and vomiting, pain and urination. cause is the lack of fluids, and lack of substances that prevent crystals from sticking together.
Kidney stones
most common UTI, inflammation of the bladder. burning sensation when urinating. causes are ecoli bacteria, sexual intercourse for women, drugs, and disorders such as diabetes. Treated with antibiotics or changing of unhealthy lifestyle
Cystitis
kidney disease that results from diabetes. caused by high blood sugar from diabetes that destroy the blood vessels.
Diabetic nephropathy
treatment for kidney failure - does what kidneys cant, cleans and filters your blood. Can be done so with a dialyzer (hemodialysis) or a catheter (peritoneal dialysis). needed when you lose 85% of kidney function, or when you don’t want / can’t receive a kidney transplant.
Dialysis
DIAGRAMS
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