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Anatomy > Urinary System (ch. 17 & 18) > Flashcards

Urinary System (ch. 17 & 18) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. Remove salts and nitrogen waste
  2. Maintain normal concentrations of water and electrolytes
  3. Regulate pH and volume of fluids
  4. Control RBC production and blood pressure
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2
Q

Describe the shape of the kidney

A

.

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3
Q

What is the outer layer of the kidney called?

A

Renal capsule

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4
Q

What is the entrance to the kidney called

A

Helium

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5
Q

What is the name of the layer that is deeper than the renal capsule

A

Renal cortex

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6
Q

What are the renal pyramids

A

Pyramid shape structures in the medula, nephrons are located in the pyramid

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7
Q

Where are nephrons located?

A

In the renal pyramid

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8
Q

What layer contains the renal pyramids

A

Renal medulla

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9
Q

The renal pyramids have small projections at the ends of them that are called

A

Renal papilla

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10
Q

What is the name of the funnel shaped end of the ureter inside the renal sinus

A

Renal pelvis

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11
Q

What is the name of the large tubes that lead into the ureter

A

Major calyx

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12
Q

What is the name of the small tubes that lead into the major calyces

A

Minor calyx

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13
Q

What does erythropoietin control

A

Rbc production

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14
Q

What vitamin do the kidneys activate

A

Vitamin D

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15
Q

What enzyme helps control blood pressure

A

Renin

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16
Q

Order of vessels that lead into the kidney

A

Renal arteries - interlobar artery - accurate artery - afferent arteriole - nephrons - efferent arteriole - interlobular vein - accurate vein - interlobar vein - renal veins - inferior vena cava

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17
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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18
Q

How many nephrons are in a kidney

A

1 million

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19
Q

What is the glomerulus

A

Cluster of capillaries

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20
Q

What is the glomerular capsule

A

Contains the glomerulus, receives the filtered fluid, the beginning of the renal tube

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21
Q

Fill in the blanks for the tubule in the nephron

A

Glomerular capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - descending limb of the nephron loop - ascending limb of nephron loop - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct - papillae - minor calyx - major calyx - ureter

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22
Q

Which is smaller in diameter (afferent arteriole or the efferent arteriole)? Why is it important?

A
  • efferent

- helps build pressure to increase glomerular filtration

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23
Q

Which is larger in diameter, the afferent or efferent arteriole?

A

Afferent

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24
Q

What is the tube that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder

A

Ureter

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25
Q

List the 3 layers of the ureter

A

Mucous (inner), muscular, fibrous (outer)

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26
Q

What is the triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder

A

Trigone

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27
Q

List the 4 layers of the bladder

A

Mucous (inner), submucous, muscular, serous (outer)

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28
Q

What is the name of the tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the Boyd?

A

Urethra

29
Q

Where is the mic turnitin reflex center located?

A

Spinal cord

30
Q

What is my turnitin

A

Urination

31
Q

Describe glomerular filtration

A
  • a lot of fluid leaves the capillaries, increases when fluids are in excess, decreases when fluids need to be conserved, moves substances from blood to renal tube
32
Q

Describe tubular reabsorption

A

Occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, moves substances from renal tube to blood, helps the body keep things that are wanted in the body

33
Q

Describe tubular secretion

A

Moves substances from blood to renal tube, things that the body wants to excrete

34
Q

What is the name of the fluid that is the result of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

A

Urine

35
Q

Urine is ____ % water

A

95%

36
Q

List three things that are in urine besides water

A

Urea, Uris acid, electrolytes, small amounts of amino acids

37
Q

Wat is the average amount of urine produced in a day

A

.6 - 2.5 L

38
Q

What happens to the glomerular filtration rate when fluids are in excess

A

Increases

39
Q

What happens to the glomerular filtration rate when the body must conserve fluids

A

Decreases

40
Q

If blood pressure drops, filtrate rate increases or decreases

A

Decreases

41
Q

If blood pressure increases, filtrate rate increases or decreases?

A

Increases

42
Q

What the filtration rate increase, the amount of urine produced increases or decreases?

A

Increases

43
Q

When filtration rate increases, the amount of urine produces increases or decreases?

A

Decreases

44
Q

Renin can cause what change in the filtration rate?

A

Decreases filtration rate (less urine is produced)

45
Q

What is the function of aldosterone

A

Reabsorbs sodium (keeps more sodium in the body)

46
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Reabsorbs water (keeps more water in the body - less urine is produced with ADH)

47
Q

If fluid intake is high, ADH is increased or decreased? More or less urine is produced?

A
  • decreased

- more

48
Q

What does coffee or beer do to the production of urine? Why?

A

Increases urine production; they are diuretics which means they block ADH, which leads to more production of urine

49
Q

What is the name of a molecule that releases ions in water

A

Electrolyte

50
Q

Which gender usually contains a higher % of water? Why?

A
  • men

- women have more adipose tissue

51
Q

How much water does an average adult usually take in during a day? How much water does the average adult excrete during a day?

A

2500 mL

52
Q

What are the 3 main ways that we take in water in order of the most % to the least %

A

Beverages
Food
Water of metabolism

53
Q

Where is the thirst center?

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

What causes thirst?

A
  • body loses water, osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids increases, stimulates osmoreceptors in the thirst center, causes thirst
55
Q

How does my body protect itself from taking in too much water when thirsty

A

Stomach wall is distended, triggers nerve impulses that inhibit the thirst mechanism, thirst stops even before the swallowed water is absorbed

56
Q

What are the 4 main ways a body loses water in order of most to least %

A

Urination, respiration, feces, sweat

57
Q

List 5 electrolytes that the Boyd needs

A

Calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, phosphate, bicarbonate, hydrogen

58
Q

How does a person usually get the appropriate electrolytes

A

Eating and drinking by responding to normal hunger and thirst

59
Q

How does the body lose electrolytes

A

Sweat, feces, urine

60
Q

What is the normal pH of blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

61
Q

What is it called if the pH of the blood is too low

A

Acidosis

62
Q

What is it called if the pH of blood is too high

A

Alkalosis

63
Q

cysts in the kidneys - hereditary disorder

A

Polycystic kidney disease

64
Q

infection in the urinary system - bacteria enters the urinary tract and leads to infection.

A

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

65
Q

hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidney (calcium stones are the most common). nausea and vomiting, pain and urination. cause is the lack of fluids, and lack of substances that prevent crystals from sticking together.

A

Kidney stones

66
Q

most common UTI, inflammation of the bladder. burning sensation when urinating. causes are ecoli bacteria, sexual intercourse for women, drugs, and disorders such as diabetes. Treated with antibiotics or changing of unhealthy lifestyle

A

Cystitis

67
Q

kidney disease that results from diabetes. caused by high blood sugar from diabetes that destroy the blood vessels.

A

Diabetic nephropathy

68
Q

treatment for kidney failure - does what kidneys cant, cleans and filters your blood. Can be done so with a dialyzer (hemodialysis) or a catheter (peritoneal dialysis). needed when you lose 85% of kidney function, or when you don’t want / can’t receive a kidney transplant.

A

Dialysis

69
Q

DIAGRAMS

A

.

Anatomy (23 decks)

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