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Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of the bones

A
  1. Support: shape and form
  2. Protection
  3. Movement: Muscles attached to bones by tendons
  4. Storage: Fat and minerals
  5. Blood cell formation
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2
Q

Muscles attach to bones by _______

A

Tendons

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3
Q

What chemical must be in blood for nerve signal transmissions, muscle contraction, and blood clotting?

A

Ca2+

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4
Q

ca2+ must be in the blood for _____________, _______________, and _____________.

A
  • nerve signal transmission
  • muscle contraction
  • blood to clot
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5
Q

Where does blood cell formation occur?

A

In the marrow

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6
Q

Minerals are controlled by ________.

A

Hormones

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7
Q

What does yellow bone marrow do?

A

Store fat

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8
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Carry oxygen

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9
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Fight disease and infection

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10
Q

What do blood platelets do?

A

Stops bleeding and clots blood

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11
Q

How many bones does an adult have?

A

206

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12
Q

Compact bone (def)

A

Dense

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13
Q

Sponge bone (def)

A
  • Looks like a sponge: open spaces - light
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14
Q

Long bone:

  • def
  • type of bone
  • where in body
A
  • longer than wide
  • compact
  • limbs
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15
Q

Short bone:

  • type of bone
  • where in body
A
  • spongey

- wrist and ankle

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16
Q

Flat bone:

  • type of bone
  • where in body
A
  • compact, spongey, compact

- skull, ribs, sternum

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17
Q

Irregular bone:

- where in body

A
  • vertebrae, hip, facial bones
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18
Q

Sesamoid:

  • embedded with _______
  • where in body
A
  • tendons

- patella

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19
Q

What type of bone is embedded with tendons?

A
  • Sesamoid
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20
Q

Diaphysis:

  • def
  • type of bone
A
  • middle

- long bone

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21
Q

Epiphysis:

  • def
  • type of bone
A
  • ends; coated with articular cartilage

- long bone

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22
Q

Medullary cavity:

  • def
  • type of bone
A
  • cavity inside the bone

- contains blood vessels and yellow bone marrow

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23
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets

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24
Q

List the two types of bone marrow

A
  • red

- yellow

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25
Q

What are the two types of bone markings?

A
  • Processes (projections)

- depressions

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26
Q

Cartilage to bone is the process of _______ and ________

A
  • ossification

- calcification

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27
Q

Many bones form from a ____________ ______.

A
  • cartilage model
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28
Q

What are epiphyseal plates?

A
  • growth plates; a band of cartilage
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29
Q

What is no longer possible after a epiphyseal plate ossifies

A

Lengthening

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30
Q

What happens if an epiphyseal plate is damaged before if ossifies?

A
  • elongation of the bone may stop prematurely, or growth may be uneven
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31
Q

If the growth of epiphyseal plates is uneven, it can be altered….

A
  • surgically to equalize the growth rate
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32
Q

Bone forming cells is called ___________.

A

Osteoblasts

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33
Q

Cells that break bones down are called __________.

A

Osteoclasts

34
Q

If Ca decreases then…

A

Parathyroid glands increase PTH, osteoclasts break down bone

35
Q

What is necessary for proper absorption of Calcium?

A
  • Vitamin D
36
Q

Vitamin D is necessary for what?

A
  • the proper absorption of calcium
37
Q

Physical activity puts stress on bones which ….?

A
  • stimulates them to become thicker and stronger
38
Q

Bone formation and growth is based on what (3)

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Pull of gravity and muscles
  3. Hormones
39
Q

Growth hormones secretes by the pituitary gland stimulate …?

A
  • the epiphyseal plates
40
Q

Sex hormones stimulate …?

A
  • the ossification of epiphyseal plates
41
Q

Classification of joints (3)

A
  • immovable
  • slightly movable
  • freely movable
42
Q

Immovable joint (ex)

A
  • cranium
43
Q

In immovable joints what are bones separated by?

A
  • fibrous connective tissue
44
Q

Slightly movable joints are connected by…

A
  • disks or ligaments
45
Q

Examples of slightly movable joints are…(4)

A
  1. Vertebral column
  2. Symphasis pubis
  3. Sacroiliac joint
  4. Joint between the distal ends of the fibula and tibia
46
Q

The end of freely movable joints are covered by _________ _________.

A
  • articular cartilage
47
Q

What is an example of a freely movable joint?

A
  • Synovial membrane
48
Q

What are bursae? Examples?

A
  • Closed fluid filled sacs

- knee, elbow, and shoulder

49
Q

What are the 6 types of joints?

A
  • ball and socket
  • condyloid
  • gliding
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • saddle
50
Q

Ball and socket joints:

  • def
  • range of motion
  • example
A
  • ball of one bone fits into the socket of another
  • wide range of motion, movement in all planes, rotation
  • shoulder and hip
51
Q

Condyloid joints:

  • def
  • examples
  • range of motion
A
  • oval shaped condyle and elliptical cavity
  • joints between metacarpals and phalanges
  • variety of planes, no rotation
52
Q

Gliding joints:

  • type of bone
  • range of motion
  • examples
A
  • flat bones
  • sliding and twisting
  • wrist, ankle, sternum/clavicle, clavicle/scapula
53
Q

Hinge joints:

  • def
  • examples
  • range of motion
A
  • convex of one bone in concave of another
  • elbow, phalanges, and knee
  • movement in one plane, flexion, extension
54
Q

Pivot joint:

  • definition
  • range of motion
  • examples
A
  • cylinder of one bone rotates in a ring of another bone
  • rotation around one axis
  • proximal ends of the radius and ulna
55
Q

Saddle joint:

  • definition
  • examples
A
  • both concave and convex surfaces

- carpal and metacarpal of thumb

56
Q

Flexion

A

Angle decreases

- bending of leg at knee

57
Q

Extension

A

Angle increases

- straightening of leg at knee

58
Q

Hyperextension

A

Excessive extension

- head, wrist

59
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Toes up

60
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Toes down

61
Q

Abduction

A

Away from midline

62
Q

Adduction

A
  • toward midline
63
Q

Rotation

A

Around an axis

64
Q

Circumduction

A
  • arm circles, leg circles
65
Q

Pronation

A

Turn hand palm down, foot lands inside

66
Q

Supination

A
  • turn hand palm up, foots lands outside
67
Q

Eversion

A

Turn sole of foot outward

68
Q

Inversion

A
  • turn sole of foot inward
69
Q

Retraction

A

move it backward

- move chin back

70
Q

Protraction

A

Move it forward

- chin forward

71
Q

Elevation

A

Raise a part

- shrug shoulders

72
Q

Depression

A

Lower a part

- droop shoulders

73
Q

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ)

A
  • malfunction between your articular disk - jaw
74
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Joint cartilage breaks down over time

75
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Inflammation affects lining of joints and rest of body

76
Q

Cleft palate

A
  • split or opening in the roof of mouth
77
Q

Shin splints

A

Pain caused by overuse of shin bone

- partial or complete break in the bone

78
Q

Torn ligaments (ACL and MCL)

A

A stretching or tearing of ligaments

  • ACL = anterior tear
  • MCL = medial tear
79
Q

Rotator cuff disorder

A

Muscles and tissues around shoulder are damaged or irritated from overuse

80
Q

Dislocated shoulder

A
  • arm bone pops out of shoulder socket
81
Q

Bone cancer

A
  • malignant tumor that arises from bone cells

Anatomy (23 decks)

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