Skeletal System Flashcards
4 functions of the bones
- Support: shape and form
- Protection
- Movement: Muscles attached to bones by tendons
- Storage: Fat and minerals
- Blood cell formation
Muscles attach to bones by _______
Tendons
What chemical must be in blood for nerve signal transmissions, muscle contraction, and blood clotting?
Ca2+
ca2+ must be in the blood for _____________, _______________, and _____________.
- nerve signal transmission
- muscle contraction
- blood to clot
Where does blood cell formation occur?
In the marrow
Minerals are controlled by ________.
Hormones
What does yellow bone marrow do?
Store fat
What do red blood cells do?
Carry oxygen
What do white blood cells do?
Fight disease and infection
What do blood platelets do?
Stops bleeding and clots blood
How many bones does an adult have?
206
Compact bone (def)
Dense
Sponge bone (def)
- Looks like a sponge: open spaces - light
Long bone:
- def
- type of bone
- where in body
- longer than wide
- compact
- limbs
Short bone:
- type of bone
- where in body
- spongey
- wrist and ankle
Flat bone:
- type of bone
- where in body
- compact, spongey, compact
- skull, ribs, sternum
Irregular bone:
- where in body
- vertebrae, hip, facial bones
Sesamoid:
- embedded with _______
- where in body
- tendons
- patella
What type of bone is embedded with tendons?
- Sesamoid
Diaphysis:
- def
- type of bone
- middle
- long bone
Epiphysis:
- def
- type of bone
- ends; coated with articular cartilage
- long bone
Medullary cavity:
- def
- type of bone
- cavity inside the bone
- contains blood vessels and yellow bone marrow
What does red bone marrow do?
Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets
List the two types of bone marrow
- red
- yellow
What are the two types of bone markings?
- Processes (projections)
- depressions
Cartilage to bone is the process of _______ and ________
- ossification
- calcification
Many bones form from a ____________ ______.
- cartilage model
What are epiphyseal plates?
- growth plates; a band of cartilage
What is no longer possible after a epiphyseal plate ossifies
Lengthening
What happens if an epiphyseal plate is damaged before if ossifies?
- elongation of the bone may stop prematurely, or growth may be uneven
If the growth of epiphyseal plates is uneven, it can be altered….
- surgically to equalize the growth rate
Bone forming cells is called ___________.
Osteoblasts
Cells that break bones down are called __________.
Osteoclasts
If Ca decreases then…
Parathyroid glands increase PTH, osteoclasts break down bone
What is necessary for proper absorption of Calcium?
- Vitamin D
Vitamin D is necessary for what?
- the proper absorption of calcium
Physical activity puts stress on bones which ….?
- stimulates them to become thicker and stronger
Bone formation and growth is based on what (3)
- Nutrition
- Pull of gravity and muscles
- Hormones
Growth hormones secretes by the pituitary gland stimulate …?
- the epiphyseal plates
Sex hormones stimulate …?
- the ossification of epiphyseal plates
Classification of joints (3)
- immovable
- slightly movable
- freely movable
Immovable joint (ex)
- cranium
In immovable joints what are bones separated by?
- fibrous connective tissue
Slightly movable joints are connected by…
- disks or ligaments
Examples of slightly movable joints are…(4)
- Vertebral column
- Symphasis pubis
- Sacroiliac joint
- Joint between the distal ends of the fibula and tibia
The end of freely movable joints are covered by _________ _________.
- articular cartilage
What is an example of a freely movable joint?
- Synovial membrane
What are bursae? Examples?
- Closed fluid filled sacs
- knee, elbow, and shoulder
What are the 6 types of joints?
- ball and socket
- condyloid
- gliding
- hinge
- pivot
- saddle
Ball and socket joints:
- def
- range of motion
- example
- ball of one bone fits into the socket of another
- wide range of motion, movement in all planes, rotation
- shoulder and hip
Condyloid joints:
- def
- examples
- range of motion
- oval shaped condyle and elliptical cavity
- joints between metacarpals and phalanges
- variety of planes, no rotation
Gliding joints:
- type of bone
- range of motion
- examples
- flat bones
- sliding and twisting
- wrist, ankle, sternum/clavicle, clavicle/scapula
Hinge joints:
- def
- examples
- range of motion
- convex of one bone in concave of another
- elbow, phalanges, and knee
- movement in one plane, flexion, extension
Pivot joint:
- definition
- range of motion
- examples
- cylinder of one bone rotates in a ring of another bone
- rotation around one axis
- proximal ends of the radius and ulna
Saddle joint:
- definition
- examples
- both concave and convex surfaces
- carpal and metacarpal of thumb
Flexion
Angle decreases
- bending of leg at knee
Extension
Angle increases
- straightening of leg at knee
Hyperextension
Excessive extension
- head, wrist
Dorsiflexion
Toes up
Plantar flexion
Toes down
Abduction
Away from midline
Adduction
- toward midline
Rotation
Around an axis
Circumduction
- arm circles, leg circles
Pronation
Turn hand palm down, foot lands inside
Supination
- turn hand palm up, foots lands outside
Eversion
Turn sole of foot outward
Inversion
- turn sole of foot inward
Retraction
move it backward
- move chin back
Protraction
Move it forward
- chin forward
Elevation
Raise a part
- shrug shoulders
Depression
Lower a part
- droop shoulders
Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ)
- malfunction between your articular disk - jaw
Osteoarthritis
Joint cartilage breaks down over time
Rheumatoid arthritis
Inflammation affects lining of joints and rest of body
Cleft palate
- split or opening in the roof of mouth
Shin splints
Pain caused by overuse of shin bone
- partial or complete break in the bone
Torn ligaments (ACL and MCL)
A stretching or tearing of ligaments
- ACL = anterior tear
- MCL = medial tear
Rotator cuff disorder
Muscles and tissues around shoulder are damaged or irritated from overuse
Dislocated shoulder
- arm bone pops out of shoulder socket
Bone cancer
- malignant tumor that arises from bone cells
