Nervous System Flashcards
What is included in the central nervous system? (2)
Brain and spinal chord
What nerves are included in the peripheral nervous system? (2)
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
An axon conducts electrical impulses in what direction compared the the cell body?
Away
A dendrite conducts electrical impulses in what direction compared to the cell body?
Towards
An axon with a myelin sheath
Schwann cell
A gap between Schwann cells is called a ____ __ _______
Node of Ranvier
Where an axon ends is called a ____ ________
Axon terminal
What is a motor neuron?
Produces movement, efferent, central to peripheral
A motor neuron is _______ to __________
Central to peripheral
What is a sensory neuron?
Produces sensation, afferent, peripheral to central
A sensory neuron moves __________ to _______
Peripheral to central
What neuron produces sensation?
Sensory
What neuron is afferent?
Sensory
What neuron produces movement?
Motor
What neuron is efferent?
Motor
What neuron goes from central to peripheral?
Motor
What neuron goes from peripheral to central
Sensory
List 3 neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
What are the ascending tracts in the spinal chord?
- peripheral to central
- sensory
What are the descending tracts in the spinal chord?
- central to peripheral
- motor
List 3 things that NA+ solubility, thus inhibiting action potential
- Alcohol
- Anesthetics
- Sedatives
Define reflex
Rapid, predictive involuntary response to stimuli
A repid, involuntary response to stimuli is a ______
Reflex
Give two examples of an autonomic reflex
- Salivary reflex
- Papillary
- Sneezing
- Coughing
- Swallowing
What are gyri?
Ridges
What are sulci?
Grooves
What are fissures?
Deep grooves
What part of the brain controls timing, coordination, equilibrium, and balance?
The cerebellum
The cerebellum controls
- timing
- coordination
- equilibrium
- balance
What part of the brain contains the midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata
The brain stem
The brain stem contains (3)
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
What part of the Brian contains the somatic sensory area, the primary motor area, and the Broca’s area?
The cerebrum
The cerebru, contains (3)
- Somatic sensory area
- Primary motor area
- Broca’s area
What part of the brain contains the thalamus and hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
The diencephalon contains (2)
- Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
Describe the Broca’s area?
Speech
What are the meninges? (4)
- Layers for protection
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pía mater
List the functions of the nervous system
- Sensory
- Integration
- Motor
Is the somatic system voluntary of involuntary?
Voluntary
Is the autonomic system voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
When is the parasympathetic system active?
Ordinary situations
When is the sympathetic system active?
During emergency situations
What are cranial nerves
Nerves in the brain
What are spinal nerves?
Nerves on the spinal chord
Is gray matter myelinated or unmyelinated?
Unmyelinated
Is white matter myelinated or unmyelinated?
Myelinated
Describe interneurons? (2)
- In brain or spinal chord
2. Direct signals to the correct place
What is the difference between a myelinated axon and an unmyelinated axon? (2)
- Myelinated sheeth
2. Myelinated is faster
What is the epidural space?
The space between the vertebrae and the dura mater
The space between the vertebrae and the dura mater
Epidural space
Cranial nerves come from the _____
Brain
Spinal chords come from the ___________
Spinal chord
What do sensory receptors do?
Convert environmental information into nerve impulses
Integration impulses
Nerve pulses are integrated: Brought together to create sensations, add to memory, or produce thoughts
Effectors are ______ or ______
Muscles or glands
What are some examples of the autonomic nervous system (organs)
- heart
- smooth muscles
- glands
What are some examples of the somatic nervous system
- skeletal muscle
Somatic nervous system (def)
Motor functions are controlled consciously
Autonomic nervous system (def)
Motor functions are controlled involuntarily
The reflex arc consists of the … (2)
- Autonomic
2. Somatic
Peripheral nerves connect to ___ to the ______________
CNS to the other body parts
Motor functions that are controlled consciously are in the _______ nervous system
Somatic
Motor functions that are controlled involuntarily are part of the _________ nervous system
Autonomic
Skeletal muscle is part of the …?
Somatic
Pulling your hand away from a hot object is the ________ ______
Withdrawal reflex
- Somatic
A knee-jerk is the ________ ______ and is _______
- patellar reflex
- somatic
Nerve cells that are specialized for transmitting nerve impulses
Neurons
Neurons transmit information in the form of electrochemical changes called _____ ________
Nerve impulses
_______ transmit information in nerve impulses
Neurons
Electrochemical changes
Nerve impulses
Neurons have a cell body…T or F?
True
The Node of Raniver is ________ Schwann cells
Between
Axons in the PNS can or cant regenerate when damaged?
Can
Axons in the CNS can or cant regenerate when damaged?
Cant
Bundles of axons are called ______
Nerves
Provide physical support, insulation, and nutrients for neurons
Neurological cells
Neurological cells provide _______ , ________ and _________ for _________
- Physical support
- Insulation
- Nutrients
For neurons
Afferent neurons
Sensory
Sensory neurons carry impulses from _______ to ________
Peripheral int brain or spinal chord (CNS)
Interneurons are in the ___________ or ___
Brains or spinal chord / CNS
Direct incoming sensory impulses to appropriate parts for processing and interpreting
Interneurons
Carry impulses out of the brain or spinal chord to effectors
Motor neurons
Axons branch out and end in …?
Many axonal terminals
Where are the neurotransmitters released?
Synapse
The junction between two neurons is a …
Synapse
When neurotransmitters are _________, they will get the nerve closer to triggering a nerve impulse
Excitatory
When neurotransmitters are _______, they will keep the nerve from triggering the nerve impulse
Inhibitory
________ stimulates the nervous system activity by lowering the thresholds at synapses so that neurons are more easily excited
Caffeine
How does caffeine stimulate the nervous system?
- lowers the thresholds at synapses so neurons are more easily excited
What do anti-depressants do?
Keep the neurotransmitter serotonin in the synapses longer
Depolarization
Na+ rushing into the cell
Repolarization
Na+ rushing out of the cell
The depolarization and repolarization that takes 1/1000 of a second
Action potential
A neuron cannot cannot conduct another impulse __________ has taken place
Repolarization
What happens when things inhibit Na+ permeability
- no action potential
2. Sensations of pain and touch are prevented from reaching the brain
A wave of action potentials moving down the axon
Nerve impulse
An unmyelinated axon conducts an impulse over …?
Its entire surface (slower)
A myelinated axon conducts an impulse by …?
Jumping from node to node (faster)
The speed of conduction is _________ to the diameter of the axon - the greater the distance the ______ the impulse is
- proportional
- faster
120 meters per sec is the speed of a
Thick myelinated axon
.5 meters per second is the speed of a …?
Thin unmyelinated axon
Time following a nerve impulse where another impulse will not be triggered
Refractory period
The Brain is composed of about _______ neurons
100 billion
When does the brain begin to develop?
4 months after conception
Which part of the Brian is the largest?
Cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum connects the …?
Cerebral hemispheres
The four lobes are
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
Somatic sensory areas are ______
Crossed
Controls voluntary movements of the eyes and eyelids
Frontal eye field
Reflex centers for vision and hearing
Midbrain
Control of breathing
Pons
Controls the heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and consciousness
Medulla oblongata
Carry sensory information to the brain
Ascending tracts
Carry motor impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands
Descending tracts
What 3 things protect the brain?
- Bone
- Meninges
- Cerebrospinal fluid
What are the three layers of connective membranes
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pía mater
Dura mater is the ______ layer
Outer
Arachnoid mater is the ______ layer
Middle
Pia mater is the _____ mater
Inner
If there is damage to the ________ it results in tremors, clumsiness, disorganized movements, and lack of balance
Cerebellum
Cerebral spinal fluid is ______ _______ for the brain
Watery cushion
Used to measure the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid; a needle is inserted between L3, L4, and L5
Spinal tap
