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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the central nervous system? (2)

A

Brain and spinal chord

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2
Q

What nerves are included in the peripheral nervous system? (2)

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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3
Q

An axon conducts electrical impulses in what direction compared the the cell body?

A

Away

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4
Q

A dendrite conducts electrical impulses in what direction compared to the cell body?

A

Towards

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5
Q

An axon with a myelin sheath

A

Schwann cell

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6
Q

A gap between Schwann cells is called a ____ __ _______

A

Node of Ranvier

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7
Q

Where an axon ends is called a ____ ________

A

Axon terminal

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8
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A

Produces movement, efferent, central to peripheral

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9
Q

A motor neuron is _______ to __________

A

Central to peripheral

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10
Q

What is a sensory neuron?

A

Produces sensation, afferent, peripheral to central

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11
Q

A sensory neuron moves __________ to _______

A

Peripheral to central

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12
Q

What neuron produces sensation?

A

Sensory

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13
Q

What neuron is afferent?

A

Sensory

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14
Q

What neuron produces movement?

A

Motor

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15
Q

What neuron is efferent?

A

Motor

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16
Q

What neuron goes from central to peripheral?

A

Motor

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17
Q

What neuron goes from peripheral to central

A

Sensory

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18
Q

List 3 neurotransmitters

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Dopamine
  3. Serotonin
  4. Norepinephrine
  5. Epinephrine
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19
Q

What are the ascending tracts in the spinal chord?

A
  • peripheral to central

- sensory

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20
Q

What are the descending tracts in the spinal chord?

A
  • central to peripheral

- motor

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21
Q

List 3 things that NA+ solubility, thus inhibiting action potential

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Anesthetics
  3. Sedatives
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22
Q

Define reflex

A

Rapid, predictive involuntary response to stimuli

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23
Q

A repid, involuntary response to stimuli is a ______

A

Reflex

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24
Q

Give two examples of an autonomic reflex

A
  1. Salivary reflex
  2. Papillary
  3. Sneezing
  4. Coughing
  5. Swallowing
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25
Q

What are gyri?

A

Ridges

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26
Q

What are sulci?

A

Grooves

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27
Q

What are fissures?

A

Deep grooves

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28
Q

What part of the brain controls timing, coordination, equilibrium, and balance?

A

The cerebellum

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29
Q

The cerebellum controls

A
  • timing
  • coordination
  • equilibrium
  • balance
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30
Q

What part of the brain contains the midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata

A

The brain stem

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31
Q

The brain stem contains (3)

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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32
Q

What part of the Brian contains the somatic sensory area, the primary motor area, and the Broca’s area?

A

The cerebrum

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33
Q

The cerebru, contains (3)

A
  1. Somatic sensory area
  2. Primary motor area
  3. Broca’s area
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34
Q

What part of the brain contains the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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35
Q

The diencephalon contains (2)

A
  1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

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36
Q

Describe the Broca’s area?

A

Speech

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37
Q

What are the meninges? (4)

A
  1. Layers for protection
  2. Dura mater
  3. Arachnoid mater
  4. Pía mater
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38
Q

List the functions of the nervous system

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Integration
  3. Motor
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39
Q

Is the somatic system voluntary of involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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40
Q

Is the autonomic system voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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41
Q

When is the parasympathetic system active?

A

Ordinary situations

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42
Q

When is the sympathetic system active?

A

During emergency situations

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43
Q

What are cranial nerves

A

Nerves in the brain

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44
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

Nerves on the spinal chord

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45
Q

Is gray matter myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

Unmyelinated

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46
Q

Is white matter myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

Myelinated

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47
Q

Describe interneurons? (2)

A
  1. In brain or spinal chord

2. Direct signals to the correct place

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48
Q

What is the difference between a myelinated axon and an unmyelinated axon? (2)

A
  1. Myelinated sheeth

2. Myelinated is faster

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49
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

The space between the vertebrae and the dura mater

50
Q

The space between the vertebrae and the dura mater

A

Epidural space

51
Q

Cranial nerves come from the _____

A

Brain

52
Q

Spinal chords come from the ___________

A

Spinal chord

53
Q

What do sensory receptors do?

A

Convert environmental information into nerve impulses

54
Q

Integration impulses

A

Nerve pulses are integrated: Brought together to create sensations, add to memory, or produce thoughts

55
Q

Effectors are ______ or ______

A

Muscles or glands

56
Q

What are some examples of the autonomic nervous system (organs)

A
  • heart
  • smooth muscles
  • glands
57
Q

What are some examples of the somatic nervous system

A
  • skeletal muscle
58
Q

Somatic nervous system (def)

A

Motor functions are controlled consciously

59
Q

Autonomic nervous system (def)

A

Motor functions are controlled involuntarily

60
Q

The reflex arc consists of the … (2)

A
  1. Autonomic

2. Somatic

61
Q

Peripheral nerves connect to ___ to the ______________

A

CNS to the other body parts

62
Q

Motor functions that are controlled consciously are in the _______ nervous system

A

Somatic

63
Q

Motor functions that are controlled involuntarily are part of the _________ nervous system

A

Autonomic

64
Q

Skeletal muscle is part of the …?

A

Somatic

65
Q

Pulling your hand away from a hot object is the ________ ______

A

Withdrawal reflex

- Somatic

66
Q

A knee-jerk is the ________ ______ and is _______

A
  • patellar reflex

- somatic

67
Q

Nerve cells that are specialized for transmitting nerve impulses

A

Neurons

68
Q

Neurons transmit information in the form of electrochemical changes called _____ ________

A

Nerve impulses

69
Q

_______ transmit information in nerve impulses

A

Neurons

70
Q

Electrochemical changes

A

Nerve impulses

71
Q

Neurons have a cell body…T or F?

A

True

72
Q

The Node of Raniver is ________ Schwann cells

A

Between

73
Q

Axons in the PNS can or cant regenerate when damaged?

A

Can

74
Q

Axons in the CNS can or cant regenerate when damaged?

A

Cant

75
Q

Bundles of axons are called ______

A

Nerves

76
Q

Provide physical support, insulation, and nutrients for neurons

A

Neurological cells

77
Q

Neurological cells provide _______ , ________ and _________ for _________

A
  1. Physical support
  2. Insulation
  3. Nutrients
    For neurons
78
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Sensory

79
Q

Sensory neurons carry impulses from _______ to ________

A

Peripheral int brain or spinal chord (CNS)

80
Q

Interneurons are in the ___________ or ___

A

Brains or spinal chord / CNS

81
Q

Direct incoming sensory impulses to appropriate parts for processing and interpreting

A

Interneurons

82
Q

Carry impulses out of the brain or spinal chord to effectors

A

Motor neurons

83
Q

Axons branch out and end in …?

A

Many axonal terminals

84
Q

Where are the neurotransmitters released?

A

Synapse

85
Q

The junction between two neurons is a …

A

Synapse

86
Q

When neurotransmitters are _________, they will get the nerve closer to triggering a nerve impulse

A

Excitatory

87
Q

When neurotransmitters are _______, they will keep the nerve from triggering the nerve impulse

A

Inhibitory

88
Q

________ stimulates the nervous system activity by lowering the thresholds at synapses so that neurons are more easily excited

A

Caffeine

89
Q

How does caffeine stimulate the nervous system?

A
  • lowers the thresholds at synapses so neurons are more easily excited
90
Q

What do anti-depressants do?

A

Keep the neurotransmitter serotonin in the synapses longer

91
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ rushing into the cell

92
Q

Repolarization

A

Na+ rushing out of the cell

93
Q

The depolarization and repolarization that takes 1/1000 of a second

A

Action potential

94
Q

A neuron cannot cannot conduct another impulse __________ has taken place

A

Repolarization

95
Q

What happens when things inhibit Na+ permeability

A
  1. no action potential

2. Sensations of pain and touch are prevented from reaching the brain

96
Q

A wave of action potentials moving down the axon

A

Nerve impulse

97
Q

An unmyelinated axon conducts an impulse over …?

A

Its entire surface (slower)

98
Q

A myelinated axon conducts an impulse by …?

A

Jumping from node to node (faster)

99
Q

The speed of conduction is _________ to the diameter of the axon - the greater the distance the ______ the impulse is

A
  • proportional

- faster

100
Q

120 meters per sec is the speed of a

A

Thick myelinated axon

101
Q

.5 meters per second is the speed of a …?

A

Thin unmyelinated axon

102
Q

Time following a nerve impulse where another impulse will not be triggered

A

Refractory period

103
Q

The Brain is composed of about _______ neurons

A

100 billion

104
Q

When does the brain begin to develop?

A

4 months after conception

105
Q

Which part of the Brian is the largest?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

106
Q

Corpus callosum connects the …?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

107
Q

The four lobes are

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
108
Q

Somatic sensory areas are ______

A

Crossed

109
Q

Controls voluntary movements of the eyes and eyelids

A

Frontal eye field

110
Q

Reflex centers for vision and hearing

A

Midbrain

111
Q

Control of breathing

A

Pons

112
Q

Controls the heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and consciousness

A

Medulla oblongata

113
Q

Carry sensory information to the brain

A

Ascending tracts

114
Q

Carry motor impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands

A

Descending tracts

115
Q

What 3 things protect the brain?

A
  1. Bone
  2. Meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
116
Q

What are the three layers of connective membranes

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pía mater
117
Q

Dura mater is the ______ layer

A

Outer

118
Q

Arachnoid mater is the ______ layer

A

Middle

119
Q

Pia mater is the _____ mater

A

Inner

120
Q

If there is damage to the ________ it results in tremors, clumsiness, disorganized movements, and lack of balance

A

Cerebellum

121
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid is ______ _______ for the brain

A

Watery cushion

122
Q

Used to measure the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid; a needle is inserted between L3, L4, and L5

A

Spinal tap

Anatomy (23 decks)

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