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VEEB > Urinary System(A&P) > Flashcards

Urinary System(A&P) Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary-Excretory System(Function)

A
  • excretion of wastes(nitrogenous waste=protein metabolism)
  • fluid and electrolyte balance
  • acid base balance(ph balance)
  • normal range: 4.8-6(acidic)
  • regulation of Bp
  • aldosterone: cause kidney to reabsorb sodium; water allows kidney to get rid of potassium
  • posterior pituitary: ADH all kidney to get rid of water
  • stimulated erythropoiesis
  • kidney activates vitamin D in fortified milk, helps calcium absorption
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2
Q

Organs of the urinary system

A

1) Kidney
2) Ureters
3) Urinary Bladder
4) Urethra

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3
Q

Kidney(Location)

A
  • retropentoneal in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity at about the level of T12/L1
  • r. kidney is usually lower than the L kidney
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4
Q

Kidney(Description)

A
  • reddish brown bean shaped organs
  • 4inch long, 2inch wide, 1inch thick
  • medial structure has an indentation called the hilus which is the point at which blood vessels enter and exit from the kidney. it also has a point where the uterers exit the kidney
  • covered with renal capsule(fibrous membrane) embedded in adipose tissue and the renal fascia which also anchors the kidney to the peritoneum and the abdominal wall
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5
Q

Renal Cortex:

Kidney internal structure

A

-outer layer made up of renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

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6
Q

Renal Medulla:

Kidney internal structure

A
  • inner layer of tissure made up of Loop of henle and collecting tubules
  • tubules form cone shaped structures called renal pyramids
  • the tips(apex/papilla) of the renal pyramid points toward the renal the renal pelvis
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7
Q

Renal Pelvis

A
  • funnel shaped cavity that forms the upper part of the ureter
  • collects urine made by the kidney and directs it towards the ureter
  • edges of the renal pelvis are cup/funnel shapes called calyces.
  • urine flows from the renal pyramid to the calyces to the renal pelvis to the ureter
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8
Q

Blood Supply

A
  • kidney is perfused by the renal artery
  • kidney recieves 20-25% of cardiac output
  • in the kidney the renal artery branches into a number of arteries which branch into a number of arterioles
  • arterioles came in contact with the nephrons
  • venules in the kidney unite to form veins
  • veins in the kidney merge to form the renal vein which leaves the kidney and joins the inferior vena cava
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9
Q

Nephron(Microscopic structures)

A
  • structural and functional unit of the kidney
  • each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons
  • each nephron makes urine
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10
Q

nephron

A

made up of two parts

1) tubular structure(a tube w/ capsule at one end)
2) vascular structure(network of blood vessels
- function of the nephrons depends on the way in which the tubular component and the vascular component are arranged in relationship to each other

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11
Q

Filtration(Function of nephron)

A

-movement of water and solutes from the glomerulus to bowmen’s(glomerular capsule)

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12
Q

Secretion(Function of nephron)

A

-additional waste products and unneeded electrolytes are moved from the bloodstream into the forming urine

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13
Q

reabsorption(function of nephron)

A

-water,electrolytes, and additional needed materials are moved from the forming urine into the bloodstream.

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14
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

2 parts

  • glomerulus=vascular/capillary
  • glomerular(bowmans) capsul=tubular
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15
Q

glomerulus(renal corpuscle)

A
  • cluster of capillaries
  • afferent-arteriole brings blood to the renal corpuscle and branch into large number of capillaries; the afferent arteriole has a wider diameter which takes blood away from the renal corpuscle
  • capillaries merge to form the efferent arteriole which take blood away from the renal corpuscle
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16
Q

bowmans/glomerular capsule(renal corpuscle)

A
  • part of the tubular structure
  • surrounds the glomerulus and receives the filtrate
  • renal corpuscle is the site of filtration
17
Q

renal tubules

A

-long tubular structure that is surrounded by the peritublar capillaries
-renal tubules are the site for:
SECRETION: waste products and unneeded electrolytes are moved from the bloodstream into the forming urine
REABSORPTION: water, electrolytes and additional needed materials are moved from the forming urine into the bloodstream

18
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • first part of renal tubules after the glomerular capsule
  • site of most reabsorption
  • normally 100% of the filtered glucose, amino acids and other useful metabolizes are absorbed
19
Q

loop of henle

A
  • hair pin, u shaped structure
  • has a descending limb and an ascending limb
  • reabsorption of K,NA,Cl and the beginning of H20 reabsorption occurs in the loop of henle
20
Q

distal concoluted tubule

A
  • extension of the ascending limb of the loop of henle
  • reabsorption of NACL and h2o continues
  • DCT is the site for the action of aldosterone
  • DCT is the site of tubular secretion
  • site of most secretion
21
Q

collecting tubule

A
  • formed by the union of the dct from seceral nephrons

- collecting tubules empty into the calyces of the renal pelvis

22
Q

physiology of urine production

A
  • urine is formed as water and solutes
  • more btw the vascular and the tubular structure of the nephron
  • urine formation involves 3 process:
  • glomerular formation
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
23
Q

glomerular filtration

A
  • occur b/c the pressure in the glomerulus is higher than the pressure in the glomerular capsule
  • recall that afferent arteriole is wider in diameter than the efferent arteriole
  • glomerular filtration is dependent on Bp
  • glomerular filtration involves movement of water and solutes from the bloodstream into the bowmans capsule
  • what passes into the filtrate is dependent on the size of the pores of the filter
  • normally electrolytes,urea,creatine,and glucose pass easily into the filtrate
  • normally rbc and large proteins do not pass into the filtrate
  • glomerular filtration depends on Bp and the amount of blood that reaches the kidneys
  • normal urine production is 1-2Liters a day
24
Q

glomerular filtration is

A

125ML/min or 180L/day

  • normal urine production is 1-2Liters a day
  • approx. 99% of the filtrate gets reabsorbed
25
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A
  • as filtrate passes through the tubules water and other useful substances move from the tubules to the peritubular capillaries(99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed)
  • most tubular reabsorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule(PCT)
  • the kidneys regulate both the substances and the quantity of these substances that gets reabsorbed
26
Q

reabsorption takes place by

A
  • diffusion: movement of solute from high to low concentration
  • active transport: movement of solute from low to high(need atp and pump)(against diffusion gradient)
  • osmosis: diffusion of water from high to low across semipermeable membrane(from dilute solution to concentrated solution)
  • na is reabsorped by active transport
  • cl by diffusion
  • water by osmosis follows the sodium
  • na is the single most important electrolyte that is involved in fluid balance and fluid distribution in the body
  • all of the glucose in the filtrate gets reabsorbed by active transport
  • all the amino acids and small proteins in the filtrate get reabsorbed by active transport
  • PTH promotes the reabsorption of calcium(PTH dissolves bone)
  • waste do not get reabsorbed comes back by osmosis
  • for many of the substances that are reabsorped by the renal tubules there is a threshold level limit for reabsorption
27
Q

Tubular secretion

A
  • actively moves material from the blood stream to the tubules
  • H+(ph balance), K+, ammonium ion, urea, uric acid, creatine, drugs and metabolites
28
Q

concentration of urine volume

A

-additional fluid balance and bp regulation
-concentration of urine depends on:
Osmosis
ADH secreted by the posterior pituitary
Aldosterone(secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland)
ADH makes

VEEB (25 decks)

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