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VEEB > Reproductive System(HD) > Flashcards

Reproductive System(HD) Flashcards

1
Q

Puberty

A
  • involves changes in the whole body and psyche
  • reproductive system matures and becomes capable of reproduction
  • secondary sex characteristics appear
  • ends when mature sperm are formed in males
  • regular menstrual cycle in females
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2
Q

Female

A
  • development of breast occurs first(breast buds)
  • first menstrual period(menarche) occurs approximately 2-2.5yrs later(around 11-15years of age)
  • growth spurt ends earlier than the male
  • hips broaden
  • pubic and axillary hair appear
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3
Q

Male

A
  • Hormonal changes begin btw 10-16 years of age
  • outward changes
  • penis and testes increase in size
  • grows taller,more muscular
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • pubic and facial hair, deeper voice
  • testosterone levels become constant
  • nocturnal emission(wet dreams) may occur, do not contain sperm
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4
Q

External Gentials-Vulva

A
  • Mons Pubis
  • Labia Majora
  • Labia Minora
  • Fourchette
  • Clitoris
  • Vaginal Orifice
  • Perineum
  • vaginal vestibule
  • Bartholins Glands
  • Skene Glands
  • Vaginal Introitus
  • Hymen
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5
Q

Mons Pubis

A
  • pad of fat tissue covered by coarse skin and pubic hair

- protects symphysis pubis

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6
Q

Labia Majora

A
  • two folds of fatty tissue on each side of vaginal vestibule
  • many small glands in this area
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7
Q

Labia MInora

A
  • two thin, soft fold of tissue
  • secretions from sebacceous glands
  • bactericidal
  • lubricate and protect the skin of the vulva
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8
Q

Fourchette

A
  • folds of tissue just below the vagina
  • known as obstetrical perineum
  • where episiotomy is done
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9
Q

Clitoris

A
  • erectile body
  • most sensitive part of female genitalia
  • produces smegma(cheese like secretion of sebaceous glands)
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10
Q

Vaginal Orifice

A

-opening/slit into vagina

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11
Q

Perineum

A
  • strong muscle area btw vaginal opening/anus
  • allows stretching for birth
  • site of episotimy
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12
Q

vaginal vestibule

A

urethral meatus-exit for urine

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13
Q

Bartholin glands

A

-lubricates vaginal introitus during sexual arousal,not normally visible

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14
Q

Skenes gland

A

lubricates urethra and vaginal orifice

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15
Q

Vaginal Introitus

A

divides the external and internal genitalia

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16
Q

hymen

A

elastic membrane that closes vagina from vestibule

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17
Q

Internal Genitalia

A
  • ovaries
  • fallopian tube
  • uterus
  • fundus
  • corpus
  • cervix
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18
Q

ovaries

A
  • almond shaped,walnut size
  • help in place by ovarine and uterine ligaments
  • production of hormones,estrogen-development of secondary sex characteristics and endometrial growth
  • progesterone stimulates thickening of uterine lining, decrease causes menses
  • at birth every female has all the ova that she will have throughout her reproductive years(2milli)
  • by adulthood the number is in thousands
  • by climacteric(menopause) the ovum no longer respond to hormonal stimulation to mature
    function: maturation of ovum during each reproductive cycle
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19
Q

Fallopian tube(oviducts)

A
  • passageway for sprem to meet the ovum site of fertilization
  • safe, nourshing environment for the ovum or zygote(fertilized ovum)
  • functions: means of transporting ovum or zygote to the corpus of the uterus
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20
Q

uterus

A
  • hollow muscular organ-fertilized ovum implants and develops into an embryo
  • shaped like an upside down pear
  • lies btw the urinay bladder and rectum above the vagina
  • supported by large broad ligaments
  • autonomic nerve supply
  • not under voluntary or concious control
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21
Q

fundus

A

rounded soft portion on the top

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22
Q

corpus(body of the uterus)

A
  • mucosal lining has the 4 function
  • lubricates vagina
  • acts as a bacteriastatic agent
  • provides alkaline environment to shelter deposited sperm
  • produces a mucous plud in cervical canal during pregnancy
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23
Q

cervix

A

-consists of a cervical canal with an internal opening near uterine corpus(internal os)

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24
Q

wall of uterus

A
  • endometrium
  • myometrium
  • epimetrium
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25
Q

endometrium

A
  • goveren by hormone cyclical changes

- sloughs off during mentration

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26
Q

myometrium

A
  • muscular layer

- helps push fetus out during labor

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27
Q

epimetrium(perimetrium)

A

-outer covering layer

28
Q

vagina

A
  • tubular structure
  • muscle and membrane tissue
  • connects external genitalita to uterus
29
Q

function of the vagina

A
  • provide passsageway for sperm to enter the uterus
  • allow drainage of menstrual fluids and other secretions, provide a passageway for delievery of fetus
  • self cleaning: during reproductive years, ph:4-5
30
Q

rugae

A
  • enable stretching during sexual intercourse

- delivery of fetus

31
Q

female pelvis

A
  • two innominate bones
  • sacrum and coccyx
  • support and distrubte body weight
  • support/protect pelvic organ
  • form the birth passageway
  • pelvic floor has strong muscles that stablize reproductive system
  • levator ani=muscle that support structure=kegel exercise
32
Q

gynecoid

A
  • most favorable for delivery

- wide opening

33
Q

android

A
  • wedge shaped and narrow
  • more commone in males
  • separated by an imaginary line=linea terminalis
34
Q

True pelvis

A
  • dictates the bony limits

- guides baby out the body

35
Q

False pelvis

A
  • support the enlarging uterus

- guides fetus into true pelvis

36
Q

Breast

A

accessory organ of reproduction
produce milk after birth
-provide nourishment for the infant
-provide maternal antibodies to infant

37
Q

nipple

A

-toughened producing structure at the end of the breast where milk is exposed

38
Q

areola

A

darkened pigmentated skin around the nipple

protect the nipple while baby is sucking

39
Q

Turbercles of Montgomery

A
  • small sebaceous glands within the areola
  • secrete a substance to lubricate and protect breast during lactation
  • 15-24lobes
  • lobes are separated by fat and fibrous tissues/ coopers ligaments
40
Q

cooper ligement

A

support the breast

41
Q

lactiferous ducts

A
  • glands pass milk through lactiferous ducts
  • ducts open at the nipple
  • production of milk under hormonal control
42
Q

hormones of the breast

A
  • during pregnancy-high levels of progesterone and estrogen prepare the glands for milk delivery
  • after delivery-prolactin from anterior pituitary stimulate milk production
  • while nursing the hypothamlus causes impulses to secrete oxytocin
  • oxytocin stimulates the release of the milk
43
Q

hormones

A

cycle consist of regular changes in secretion of the anterior pituitary gland, ovary and edometrial lining of uterus

44
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

  • comes from pituitary gland
  • stimulates maturation of the ovum
  • as ovum is maturing estrogen is released
45
Q

Estrogen

A

when estrogen risies causes stimulate secretion of LH

-estrogen comes from the egg

46
Q

LH

A

ovulation hormone

Lh is released from the pituitary

47
Q

Progesterone

A

pregnancy hormone-need high levels to maintain pregnacy

  • corpus lutem produced progesterone
  • gives build up lining thick and rich
48
Q

Menstrual cycle

A
  • ovulation
  • mature ovum released from follicle about 14days before onset of mestrual period
  • corpus lutem turns yellow
  • secreted incresased quantites of progesterone
  • corpus luteum degenerates if not fertilized
  • progesterone and estrogen levels decrease
  • endometrium breaks down as resilt of low hormones
  • results in menstruation
  • new cycle begins
  • if fertilization occurs
  • corpus luteum will continue to secrete progesterone
  • endometrium thickens to get ready for implantation of fertilized ovum
  • no menstruation occurs
49
Q

Menstual phase(Day 1-5)

A
  • endometrium sloughs off
  • fsh is increasing
  • progesterone and estrogen are low
  • menses lasts from 3-5 days in a day cycle 28
50
Q

Proliferative phase(Day 6-14)

A
  • Fsh increasing causeing increase in estrogen
  • estrogen level increases and peaks just before ovulation
  • cervical mucous becomes favorable to sperm at time of ovulation
  • becomes watery and alkaline and shows ferning pattern
  • at time of ovulation, basal, body temp rises
51
Q

Secretory phases(Day 15-26)

A
  • estrogen is present, but progesterone dominates

- progesterone increasing, thickening endometrium

52
Q

Ischmeic Phases(Day 27-28)

A
  • corpus lutem degenerates
  • estrogen and progesterone level fall
  • blood breaks through endometrial surfacces
  • indicating the beginning of another menstrual phase
53
Q

Ovarian phases

A

Follicular Phase(Day 1-14)

  • ovum(follicle develops to maturity
  • this occurs under the influence of FSH and LH
  • the nature ovum ruptures(ovulation) and is expelled
  • ovulation is triggered by a surge of LH induced by the level of estrogen
Luteal Phase(days 15-28)
--corpus luteum develops and produces increased levels of estrogen and progesterone which suppresses growth of collicles in the ovary
54
Q

Follicular Phase(Day 1-14)

A
  • ovum(follicle develops to maturity
  • this occurs under the influence of FSH and LH
  • the nature ovum ruptures(ovulation) and is expelled
  • ovulation is triggered by a surge of LH induced by the level of estrogen
55
Q

Luteal Phase(days 15-28)

A

–corpus luteum develops and produces increased levels of estrogen and progesterone which suppresses growth of collicles in the ovary

56
Q

Male external genitalia

A
  • penis

- scrotum

57
Q

penis

A
  • expels urine from the bladder
  • deposit sperm into female vagina
  • contains 3 cyclinder of erectile tissue
  • blood is trapped within the spongy erectile tissue to enable erection
  • glans penis-sensitive head
  • prepuce-foreskin
  • urethra
58
Q

scrotum

A
  • sac that contains the testes, epididymis and spermatic cord
  • divided into 2 compartments
  • suspended from the perineum
  • keeps the testes cooler that the rest of the body
  • necessary for spermatogenesis-production of sperm
59
Q

Male Internal Genitalia

A 
-testes
duct system
-epididymis
-ductus vas deferens
-ejaculatory ducts
-accessory glands
-seminal vesicles
-prostate gland
-cowpers glans or Bulbouretheral gland
-urethra
-semen
60
Q

testes

A
  • male gonads
  • sperm and testosteone is produced
  • manufacture male germ cells
  • spermatoza or sperm in the seminfious tublues
  • secrete male hormone which promotes development of sperm
61
Q

epididymis

A
  • one on each testicle
  • stores and carries sperm to the penis
  • stores sperm for 2-10days
62
Q

ductus vas deferens

A

matures sperm go here next

63
Q

ejaculatory ducts

A
  • urethra
  • transports both urine(from bladder) and semen(from the prostate) to expelled
  • but not at the same time
64
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  • joins vas derens to form ejaculatory ducts

- secretes protein

65
Q

prostate gland

A

-provides lubrication

66
Q

cowper gland/bulbouretjral gland

A
  • produce secretion to nourish sperm
  • protect sperm from acidic environment within the vagina
  • enhance motility of sperm
  • semen is seminal plasma and sperm together
67
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • development of sperm under hormonal concern
  • amterior pituitary produces LH and FSH
  • FSH stimulated production of sperm
  • sertoli cell are stimulated to nourish sperm
  • LH(intersitil cell stimulatin hormone) cuases lydig cells to produce testosterone
  • testosterone also has the following effects, not related to sexual reproduction
  • increase muscle mass and strength
  • promoes growth of long bones
  • increases BMR
  • enhances production of RBC
  • produces enlargement of vocal cords
  • affects the distubution of body hair

VEEB (25 decks)

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