Resp System(A&P)

Question 1

respiration

Answer 1

• 02 is obtained from the environment and delivered to cells

- co2 is transported from the cells to the environment

Question 2

pulmonary ventilation(phases of respiration)

Answer 2

• movement of air into and out of the lungs
• inhalation=contracting and pushing muscles down(external intercostal)
• exhalation=internal intercostal

Question 3

external exchange of gases(phases of respiration)

Answer 3

• takes place in the lungs
• diffusion of 02 into the blood stream from the air in the lungs and diffusion of c02 out of the bloodstreamto the air in the lung

Question 4

internal exchange of gases(phases of respiration)

Answer 4

(takes place in the tissues)

• diffusion of 02 into the cells from the bloodstream
• diffusion of co2 out of the cells and into the bloodstream

Question 5

Upper Resp system

Answer 5

• nose
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea

Question 6

nose: nasal cavities

Answer 6

separated into right and left by the nasal septum

• lined with mucous membrane
• function:
• warms air
• humidifies air
• traps foreign particles
• olfactory receptors
• para nasa sinus drain into cavity
• contain 3 bony projection(conchae)
• increase surface area available to be covered by mucous membrane

Question 7

Pharynx(throat)

Answer 7

• superior portion of the pharynx

- located posterior to the nasal cavity

Question 8

Nasopharynx

Answer 8

• superior portion of the pharynx
• located posterior to the nasal cavity
• Eustachian tubes open into the nasopharynx(middle ear)

Question 9

Oropharynx

Answer 9

• middle ear portion of the pharynx
• located posterior to the oral cavity
• lingual and palintean tonsil located in oropharynx

Question 10

Laryngeal Pharynx

Answer 10

• inferior portion of the pharynx
• opens anteriorly to the larynx and posterior to the esophagus
• the uvula closes the nasopharynx during swallowing

Question 11

Larynx(voice box)

Answer 11

• larynx closed by the epiglottis during swallowing
• located btw pharynx and trachea
• triangular shaped made of cartilage,ligament,muscle
• largest cartilage of larynx of the thyroid cartilage
• enlargges in adolesence male
• larynx contains the vocal cords
• vocal cords are folds of muscle that vibrate when air moves across them
• pitch of voice depends on tension exherted on the vocal cords
• nasal cavity and sinus add quality to your voice
• form words by moving muscles in pharynx, oral cavity,tongue,teeth,lips
• space btw vocal cords is glottis

Question 12

Trachea(windpipe)

Answer 12

• extends from larynx to the upper part of the thoracic cavity
• anterior to the esophagus
• has c-shaped cartilage to keep it open
• lined with psuedo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• divided into two main stem bronchi at the carina

Question 13

Bronchi

Answer 13

• each main stem bronchus enters a lung at the hills
• each mainstream bronchus divides into secondary bronchi which divide into bronchioles which keep subdividing and getting progressively smaller(bronchial tree)
• smallest subdivision is the alveolar duct

Question 14

Lungs

Answer 14

• located in thoracic cavity
• extend from clavicles to diaphragm
• apex of the lung is superior
• base of lung is inferior
• surrounded by the pleura(serous membrane)
• right lung has three lobes
• left lung has two lobes
• lung tissue is very elastic
• functional unit of lung are alveoli
• each lung has million of alveoli
• alveoli=site of gas exchange
• alveolus surrounded by pulmonary capillary which allows gas exchange

-simple squamous epithelium line capillaries

Question 15

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 15

• movement of air into and out of the lungs

- 2 phases inhalation and exhalation

Question 16

Ventilation depends on

Answer 16

• resp muscles
• diaphragm, external intercostals and internal intercostals
• compliance: capacity of lungs to expand/contract
• surface tension and elastic recoil
• cells in the alveoli make protein called surfactant
• surfactant allows lungs to expand

Question 17

Inhalation

Answer 17

-active phase of breathing
-diaphragm and external intercostal contract
making the thoracic cavity larger
-air is drawn into the lungs

Question 18

Exhalation

Answer 18

• passive phase of breathing
• diaphragm and external intercostal relax making the thoracic cavity smaller
• air is expelled from the lungs

Question 19

air

Answer 19

• air that we inhale(room air) is:
• 24%=OXYGEN
• 0.04%=CARBON DIOXIDE
• rule of 4 every liter of 02 adds 4% 02 to room air

Question 20

Gas Exchange

Answer 20

movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 21

Gas Exchange(External Exchange)
Pulmonary

Answer 21

• external exchange of gases happens at the level of the alveolar membrane and the pulmonary capillary membrane
• alveolar membrane is most allowing 02 to diffuse from the air in the alveoli into the bloodstream and co2 to diffuse from the bloodstream into the air in the alveoli

Question 22

Gas Exchange(Internal Exchange)
Systemic

Answer 22

• internal exchange of gases happens at the level of cells in body tissue and the capillary membrane
• oxygen diffuses from the bloodstream into cells and oxygen diffuses from the cells to the bloodstream

Question 23

Transport of Oxygen

Answer 23

• almost all oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin
• oxygenated blood is 97% saturated with oxygen
• deoxygenated blood is 70% saturated with oxygen
• Fe(iron) needed to transport
• small drop in pulse ox represents large decrease in oxygenation

Question 24

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

Answer 24

• most CO2 is produced by cell respiration
• most CO2 is transported by blood as bicarbonate ions
• CO2 is the acid component in blood gases

Question 25

ABG

Answer 25

-Pa02=80-100
-PaCO2=35-45
Ph=7.35-7.45
Sp02=96-100%

Question 26

Pa02

Answer 26

80-100

Question 27

PaCO2

Answer 27

35-45

Question 28

Ph

Answer 28

7.35-7.45

Question 29

Sp02

Answer 29

96-100%

Question 30

Regulation of Respiration

Answer 30

1) Nerve control

2) Chemical control

Question 31

Nerve Control(Regulation of Respiration)

Answer 31

• medulla oblongata: resp center that control rate/depth of breathing
• phrenic nerve=branch of the vagus nerve
• diaphragm=striated muscle
• pons in hypothalamus contain centers that can modify basic patters of breathing

Question 32

Chemical Control(Regulation of Respiration)

Answer 32

• respiration is driven by level of Co2 in blood
• high level of Co2(hypercapnea) triggers ventilation
• o2 level also play a role in triggering ventilation but blood 02 levels must be very low in order for that to occur

Question 33

Normal Patterns of Ventilation

Answer 33

• eupnea: normal quiet breathing= 16breaths/min
• Tidal volume: volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs during eupnea=500ml
• Residual Volume: volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation=1200ml

Question 34

Tidal volume

Answer 34

volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs during eupnea=500ml

Question 35

Residual Volume

Answer 35

volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation=1200ml

Question 36

Abnormal Ventilation

Answer 36

• Hyperventilation: rapid/deep breathing, losing co2 raising Ph, Kussmauls
• Tachypnea-rapid respirations above 20
• Bradypnea-slow respirations below 12
• Apnea-period of absence of respiration
• Dyspnea-difficulty breathing, Dyspnea on excertion
• Orthopnea-dyspnea relived by positioning
• atelectasis-incomplete expansion of lung in or part of lung

Question 37

Pnuemothorax

Answer 37

• air in the pleural space
• pleural effusion-excess fluid in pleural space
• pleura edema-fluid in lungs

Question 38

effects of aging on the resp system?

Answer 38

• lungs lose compliance
• lowers tidal volume
• increase risk of dyspnea on exertion
• protective mechanism of resp. system decline
• immune system decline with age
• villa becomes less efficient: risk for infection
• effects of structual changes that are brought about by: COPD
• long term exposure to harmful substances: ex: smoking and asbestos