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VEEB > Endocrine System(A&P) > Flashcards

Endocrine System(A&P) Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System Function

A
  • regulatory system
  • endocrine glands
  • growth and maturation
  • metabolism
  • reproduction
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2
Q

Hormones

A
  • chemicals secreted into the bloodstream which regulate the activities of the body systems and tissues
  • target organ=tissue
  • target organ is the tissue.organ that responds to hormone regulation
  • classification of hormones: 1)protein 2)steroids
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3
Q

Protein(non steroids)

A
  • classification of hormone

- range from simple polypeptides to complex proteins

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4
Q

Steroids

A
  • classification of hormone
  • cholesterol based molecules
  • every hormone that is not produced by sex gland or adrenal gland it is a protein
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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

negative feedback

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6
Q

negative feedback

A

-production of the hormone or the effect of hormone production causes a decrease in its secretion

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7
Q

positive feedback

A
  • production of the hormone or the effect of hormone production causes an increase in its secretion
    ex: applies to situation where there is an end point child birth
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8
Q

Pituitary gland-Master Gland-Hypophysis

A
  • hormones regulate the activity of other glands
  • activity of the pituitary is regulated by the hypothalamus
  • small gland located in the sphenoid bone
  • attached to the hypothalamus(link to the nervous system) by a stalk called the infundibulum
  • has 2 distinct lobes: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe
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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)

A

1) Growth hormone GH(Somatotropin)
2) Thyroid Stimulating hormone(TSH)
3) Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
4) Prolactin-Lactogenic Hormone-PRL
5) Follicle Stimulating Hormone-FSH-Gonaotropic Hormone
6) Luteinizing Hormone-LH-Gonadotropic Hormone

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10
Q

1)Growth Hormone- Somatotropin(STH)

A
  • part of Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)
  • acts on most body tissues
  • causes growth in height prior to closure of the epiphyseal disc
  • has a major role in metabolism
  • stimulates protein synthesis
  • it is needed for tissue repair
  • overproduction=gigantism or acromegaly
  • underproduction=dwarfism
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11
Q

2)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH)

A
  • part of Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)-target tissue:Thyroid gland
  • effect secretion of thyroid hormones
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12
Q

3)Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)

A
  • part of Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)-target tissue: adrenal cortex
  • effect: secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex
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13
Q

4)Prolactin-Lactogenic Hormone-(PRL)

A
  • part of Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)target organ: mammary glands
    effect: milk production post partum
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14
Q

5)Follicle Stimulating Hormone-FSH-Gonadotropic Hormone

A
  • part of Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)target organ: ovaries/testes
    effect: development of ova/sperm cells
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15
Q

6)Luteinizing Hormone-LH-Gonadotropic Hormone

A
  • part of Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)target organ: ovaries
    effect: regulation of ovulation and menstruation, ovulation and development of the corpus lutem

LH(interstitial cell stimulating hormone)

  • target organ: testes
  • effect:testosterone secretion
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16
Q

Posterior Lobe of the pituitary(Neuro Hypophysis)

A

1) Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)(Vasopressin)

2) Oxytocin

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17
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)(Vasopressin)

A
  • part ofPosterior Lobe of the pituitary(Neuro Hypophysis)
  • target organ: kidneys
  • effect: reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules from the forming urine
  • high concentration cause vasoconstriction
  • hyposecretion: diabestes insipidus
  • hypersecretion:SIADH
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18
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • part ofPosterior Lobe of the pituitary(Neuro Hypophysis)
  • target organ: uterus and breast
  • effect: uterine contraction and milk ejection

-oxytocin production is controlled by a positive feedback loop

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19
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • located in the neck just under the larynx
  • it has two lobes(butterfly)
  • hormones produced
    1) Thyroxine T4
    2) Triodothyronine T3
    3) Calcitonin
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20
Q

Thyroxine(T4) an Triiodothyronine(T3)

A
  • increase rate of protein/fat/glucose metabolism
  • regulate BMR
  • iodine is necessary for making T3 and T4
  • increase body temp
  • essential for physical growth and development
  • essential for reproductive maturity
  • essential for mental development(normal growth in function of CNS)
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21
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • increase activity of osteoblasts
  • decrease the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus from the bone
  • decrease blood calcium concentration
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22
Q

Disorder of the thyroid gland

A

Cretinism- hypothyroidism- infants and children, severe physical /mental retardation

  • Hypothyroid/goiter/myxedema in adults
  • Hyperthyroidism=Graves Disease(increase metabolic rate/tachycardia)
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23
Q

Cretinism(Hypothyroidism)

A
  • in infants in children

- severe physical and mental retardation

24
Q

Myxedema(Hypothyroidism)

A
  • in adults

- hypothyroid lead to goiter

25
Q

Graves Disease(Hyperthyroidism)

A

-increased metabolic rate, tachycardia

26
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

-four peasized glands located on the back of thyroid

27
Q

Parathyroid Hormone(PTH)

A
  • antagonist of calcitonin
  • increases blood calcium concentration
  • promoting the activity of osteoclast(bone resorption)
  • increasing absorption of calcium from food
  • decreased calcium excretion by the kidneys
28
Q

Adrenal Glands-Suprarenal Glands

A
  • pyramid shaped glands located one on top of each kidney(suprarenal)
  • they have 2 parts each the medulla(inside), the cortex(outside)
29
Q

Medulla

A

-hormonal secretion (Catecholamines) are produced in response to sympathetic impulse from the nervous system(hypothalamus)

30
Q

Nor-Epinephrine/Epinephrine

A

-increases rate and force of cardiac contractions
-dilates the bronchi
-decrease in peristalsis
-promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose
in the liver
-high and dry
-increase cellular respiration
-increase use of fat for energy
-vasodilation in skeletal mucles
-vasoconstriction in skin and visceral organs

31
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

secretes three types of steroid hormones

1) Glucorticoids(Cortisol)
2) Mineralcorticoids(Aldosterone)
3) Sex Hormones(Androgen&Estrogen)

32
Q

Glucorticoids(Cortisol)

A

STERIOD HORMONE SECRETED BY THE ADRENAL CORTEX

  • secreted by the body under stress whether physiological/psychological stress
  • decreases bone reformation\
  • increase the use of fat and amino acids for energy
  • raise blood glucose level
  • increase the blood levels of fatty acid and amino acid
  • anti-inflammatory-2nd line of defense-effects would healing/immunity
  • increase stomach acid production
33
Q

MIneralcorticoids(Aldosterone)

A

STERIOD HORMONE SECRETED BY THE ADRENAL CORTEX

  • target organ kidney
  • increase reabsorbion of Na in the kidney tubules(water follows sodium)
  • promotes excretion of K
  • important for fluid and electrolyte ph balance
  • renin-angiotension-aldosterone
34
Q

Sex Hormone

A

STERIOD HORMONE SECRETED BY THE ADRENAL CORTEX

  • androgen for males
  • estrogen for females
35
Q

Addisons Disease

A

Disorder of the Adrenal Cortex

  • hyposecretion of hormones of the adrenal cortex
  • Aldosterone-hypersecretion of Na.K retention,severe dehydration,low blood volume,low bp
36
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A
  • Disorder of the adrenal cortex
  • hypersecretion of hormones of the adrenal cortex
  • cortisol-hyperglycemia fat deposition in the trunk,moon face,buffalo hump,fragile skin,fragile bone,muscle weakness
37
Q

Pancreas-Islets of Langerhan

A

–pancreas is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland
-endocrine function of the pancreas take place in islets of langerhan
-2 types of cells:
Alpha cells: make glucagon
Beta cells: make insulin

38
Q

Alpha cells

A

make glucagon

39
Q

Beta cells

A

make insulin

40
Q

Insulin

A
  • facilitate the diffusion of glucose across the cell membrane
  • lowers blood glucose level
  • helps to ensure the cells have glucose to metabolize for energy
  • increases glucose uptake by the liver and conversion of glucose to glycogen
  • important for fat synthesis
  • anabolic(build up)
41
Q

Glucagon

A
  • causes liver to convert glucogen to glucose
  • increases blood glucose levels
  • increases the rate of conversion of amino acids to glucose
42
Q

Diabetes type 1(\disease of secretion)

A

-no insulin secretion or insufficient insulin secretion, can cause hyperglycemia

43
Q

Diabetes type 2(disease of response)

A
  • response of the cells to insulin diminshes

- marked by hyperglycemia

44
Q

effects of chronic hypergycemia

A
  • macrovascular damage: large blood vessel damage do not transport oxygen and nutrients to feet leading to diabeteic foot ulcer
  • microvascular damage: small blood vessels damage leading to nephropathy,retinapathy,neuropathy
45
Q

diabetes

A

polyphagia(eat) excessive
polydispia(thirst)
polyurea(urine)

46
Q

Testes

A

sex gland(gonad)

  • located in the scrotal sac
  • intestitial cells produce testosterone
  • fsh stimulates the testes to produce mature sperm
47
Q

testosterone

A
  • promote maturation of sperm cells

- development of secondary sex characteristics

48
Q

ovaries

A
  • located in pelvic cavity

- produce estrogen and progesterone

49
Q

fsh

A

development of ovum

50
Q

LH

A

ovulation hormone

51
Q

Estrogen

A
  • helps with maturation of the ovum
  • growth of the endometrium in preparation of possible implantaion
  • development of seconday characteristics
  • lowers level of cholesterol and triglceride levels
  • reduce risk of artherscolrosis(corondary heart disease) in pre menopausable women,
52
Q

Progesterone

A
  • promotes growth of the endometrium
  • promotes storage of glycogen in the liver
  • enlargement of mammary glands
53
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • located in the diencephalon
  • very sensitive to light conditions
  • secretes melatonin which stimulates the onset of sleep an increases its duration(melatonin secretion follows a daily cycle more is produced in darkness
  • serotonin which helps with regulation of mood more is produced in light
54
Q

Thymus gland

A
  • located in the neck inferior to the thyroid gland
  • large in the fetus and children(shrinks with age)
  • secretes thymosin which promotes proliferation and maturation of T lymphocytes
55
Q

kidneys

A
  • located in the abdominal cavitity
  • renin-produced in response to low Bp
  • part of the renin angiotention-aldosterone mechanism
  • erythropoietin: produced in response to tissue hypoxia, promotes erythropoesis
56
Q

placenta

A
  • temporary secretory organ

- secretes hormone(estrogen and progesterone which maintain the pregnancy

57
Q

prostaglandins

A
  • local tissue hormones
  • produced by most tissue and exert local effects
  • they are many different types of prostaglandins
  • invovled in: inflammation,vasocontriction,reproduction,blood clotting,pain,vasodilation,uterine contractions

VEEB (25 decks)

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