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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Nervous System?

A
  • Coordination and Control
  • Detects Stimuli
  • Responds to Stimuli
  • Integrates executive functions(reasoning, decsion making skills
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2
Q

Central Nervous System includes:

A
  • Brain

- Spinal Cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System includes:

A
  • Cranial Nerves: connect with the brain

- Spinal Nerves: connect with the spinal cord

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4
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • sensory receptors and nerves are concerned with changes in the external environment
  • under voluntary control
  • effectors are skeletal muscles
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5
Q

What is an Effector?

A

tissue or organ that responds to a nervous system command

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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A
  • sensory receptors amd nerves(sensory and motor) concerned with changes in the internal environment
  • effectors of the autonomic nervous system are innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
  • under involuntary control
  • effectors are cardiac muscle, visceral muscle and glands
  • divided into: -sympathetic nervous system
    - parasympathetic nervous system
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7
Q

Autonomic Nervous system: SYMPATHETIC

A

-FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE

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8
Q

Autonomic Nervous system: PARASYMPATHETIC

A

-REST AND DIGEST RESPONSE(FEED AND BREED)

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9
Q

Structural Cells(Neuroglia)

A
  • cells of the nervous system
  • support and protect
  • no electrical

ex:Astrocytes,Microglia,Oliodendroglia/Schwann Cells,Ependymal Cells

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10
Q

Astrocytes(Structural Cells/Neuroglia)

A
  • star shaped cells
  • help to form the blood brain barrier
  • act as phagocyte
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11
Q

Microglia(Structural Cells/Neuroglia)

A

-phagocytosis of pathogens and tissue debris

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12
Q

Oligodendroglia/Schwann Cells(Structural Cells/Neuroglia)

A
  • produce myelin sheath which covers the axons of neuron

- in PNS Schwann cells cytoplasm and nucleus surround the myelin sheath and are called the neurilemma

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13
Q

Ependymal Cells(Structural Cells/Neuroglia)

A
  • Line the ventricles of the brain and make CSF

- CSF flows in and around the brain

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14
Q

Functional Cells(Neurons)

A

-parts of neuron include: Cell body, Dendrites,Axon

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15
Q

Cell bod(Neuron)

A

-contains nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles

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16
Q

Dendrites(Neuron)

A
  • short highly branched extentions of the cell body

- bring information into the cell body

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17
Q

Axon(Neuron)

A
  • thin long projections of the cell body

- taked information away from the cell body

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18
Q

Parts of the Axon:

A
  • Myelin Sheath:white fatty material insulates the axon
  • schwann cells
  • neurolemma(schwann cells): cytoplasm and nucleus of the schwann cells
  • Nodes of Ranvier-spaces on the axon between the schwann cells
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19
Q

White Matter

A

-areas of the myelinated axons forms many neurons

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20
Q

Gray Matter

A
  • cell bodies of neuron
  • dendrites
  • unmyelinated axons
  • neuroglia
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21
Q

Characteristics of Neurons?

A
  • Irritability: abillity of a neuron to respond to a stimulus by producing and electrical signal
  • conductivity: ability to conduct an electical signal
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22
Q

Classification of Neurons?

A
  • Sensory(Afferent)-brings info to CNS
  • Motor(Efferent)- takes info away from CNS
  • Interneurons- relay info with in the CNS
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23
Q

Nerves?

A

-Neuron fibers(axon and dendrites) grouped together into bundles
-in the PNS the bundle is a nerve
nerves can be sensory(afferent),motor(efferent), or mixed

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24
Q

Tracts?

A
  • Neuron fibers(axon and dendrites) grouped together into bundles
  • in the CNS the bundle is a tract
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25
Q

Resting potential-membrane is polarized?

A

-cell membrane of a neuron is polarized(it has an electric charge when it is) at rest

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26
Q

Action potential-wave of depolarization?

A

-when the neuron has recieved enough -stimulation to generate an action potential the charge of segment of the cell membrane is changed

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27
Q

Repolarization?

A
  • return to resting potential

- wave of repolarization follows the wave of depolarization

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28
Q

All or None Principle?

A

-the neuron will either recieve enough stimulation to generate an action potential or will not

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29
Q

Mechanism of impulse transmission?

A
  • impulse can be transmitted along the length of the axon by traveling like a wave
  • leaping from node to node(saltatory conduction)

saltatory conduction:
-faster and more efficent, rquired myelinated axons

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30
Q

Neurotransmitters?

A
  • chemicals that convery info. across the synapse
  • can be excitatory or inhibitory
  • epinephrine/nor-epinephrine(adrenalin/nor-adrenalin)
  • action depends on receptos in the effector
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31
Q

Epinephrine/Nor-Epinephrine(neurotransmitter)?

A
  • stimulates HR
  • dilates airway
  • dilates pupil
  • slows digestion
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32
Q

Acetylcholine(neurotransmitter)?

A

-neurotransmitter released at the “NMJ”

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33
Q

Serotonin(neurotransmitter)?

A

-invovled in mood

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34
Q

Dopamine(neurotransmitter)?

A
  • invovled in mood

- invovled in mobility

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35
Q

Spinal Cord?

A

-located within the vertebral column extends from the occipital bone to about L1

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36
Q

Structure of the spinal cord?

A

-grey matter(nerve cell bodies and interneurons): located in the center of the spinal cord. area of gray matter is shaped like a butterfly

  • white matter(myelinated axon): found on outside of the spinal cord and consist of nerve tracts
  • cerebral spinal fluid flows in the central canal
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37
Q

Dorsal root ganglion(collection of nerve cell bodies)?

A
  • ventral root=motor=efferent

- dorsal root=sensory=afferent

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38
Q

Reflex Arc?

A
  • reflex:involuntary response to a stimulus
  • many reflexes are protective
  • many reflexes are spinal nerves
  • component of a reflex arc:
    1. receptor
    2. afferent neuron
    3. efferent neuron
    4. effetor
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39
Q

Spinal Nerves(PNS)

A
  • 31 pairs
  • connect the CNS w/ receptors & effectors
  • they are mixed nerves
  • named according to the region and level of the spinal cord from which they emerge
  • after they exit from the verterbraql column they divide into many fibers.
  • the fibers from served nerves converge to form networks called plexus
  • vertebral column: 8 cervical spinal nerve pairs (C1-C8), 12 thoracic pairs (T1-T12), 5 lumbar pairs (L1-L5), 5 sacral pairs (S1-S5), and 1 coccygeal pair.
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40
Q

Plexuses(Branches of Spinal Nerves)

A

1-Cervical Plexus: innervates the skin and muscles of the neck,shoulder, and the diaphragm. major nerve: phrenic nerve: motor impules to diaphragm.

2-Brachial Plexus: innervates the skin and muscles of the upper extremities

3-Lumbosacral Plexus: innervates skin and muscles of the lower torso and lower extremities. major nerve: sciatic nerve

*damage to spinal cord happens from that point down.

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41
Q

Dermatome

A

-region of the skin that supplies sensory info. to one pair of the spinal nerves

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42
Q

Autonomic(involuntary) nervous system

division of the PNS

A
  • effectors are: -smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • has two functional parts
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic
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43
Q

sympathetic

A
  • fight or flight or stress reponse
  • neurotransmitter:epinephrine/nor epinephrine
  • The E’s(emergency,excitemetn,embarrassment,exexercise)
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44
Q

parasympathetic

A
  • rest and digest or feed/breed
  • responsible for homeostasis
  • SLUDD: things parasympathetic promotes
  • salvation
  • lacrimation
  • urination
  • digestion
  • defecation
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45
Q

Effects of sympathetic system on selected organs:

A

pupils of the eye: dilation
sweat glands: stimulation
digestive glands: inhibition
heart: increased rate and strength of beat
Bronchi of lungs: dilation
Muscles of digestive system: decreased peristalsis
kidneys: decreased activity
urinary bladder:relaxation to prevention urination
liver: increased release of glucose
blood vessels: increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and resp. system

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46
Q

Effects of the parasympathtic system on selected organs:

A

pupils of the eye: consrtiction
sweat glands: none
digestive glands: stimulation
heart: decreased rate of beat
Bronchi of lungs: constriction
Muscles of digestive system: increased peristalsis
kidneys: none
urinary bladder: contracting and empyting
liver:none
blood vessels:increased blood flow to Gi system

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47
Q

Fibers for the sympathetic nervous system orginate in?

A

Thorasic and lumbar

48
Q

Fibers for the parasympathetic originate in?

A

Cervical and sacral

49
Q

Meninges

A

protective covering of the brain

50
Q

Dura mater

A
  • outer most layer
  • lines cranium
  • thickest/toughest layer
51
Q

Arachnoid

A
  • arachnoid villi
  • middle layer
  • finger-like projections
  • whose job is to absorb CSF
52
Q

Pia Matter

A
  • the deepest layer

- contains many blood vessels supplies oxygen and nutrients to the brain and spinal cord

53
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid-CSF

A
  • mad eby epyndemal cells in the choroid plexues of the cerebral ventricles
  • absorbed by the archanoid villa
  • functions: cushions, transports 02 and nutrients
  • transports metabolic waste products
  • characteristics: clear, no RBC, contains glucose, sterile, contains a few WBCs
  • cloudy=menigitis
  • yellow=liver problems
54
Q

Ventricles

A
  • spaces within the brain
  • four ventricles
  • two lateral ventricles
  • one in each cerebral hemispher drain to the third ventricle
  • the third ventricle is medial and it drains into the 4th ventricle
  • the 4th ventricle is medial and inferior to the third ventricle
  • each ventricle contains a vascular network called the choroid plexus
  • the choroid plexus along with epydemal cells form the CSF
55
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • largest part of the brain
  • seat of intelligence: writing, reading,speaking,calculations,planning and executive functions
  • site of memory and learning
  • surface of the cerebrum is covered with grey matter called the cerebral cortex
  • white matter is under the cortex
  • grey matter on the outside
  • surface folds called gyri(gyrus) which are seperated by grooves called sulci(sulcus)
  • the cerebrum is divided into 2 hemisphere right and left by the longtitudinal fissure
  • the two hemispheres are connected by aband of white matter called corpus collosum
  • each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes
  • the lobes are named after cranial bones directly over them
56
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • large in humans
  • contains the primary motor area(conscious control of skeletal muscle)
  • decussation(crossing over)=right hemisphere controls left side of the body(contralateral control)
  • two motor speech centers
  • brocca(oral speech)
  • written speech area
57
Q

partietal lobe

A
  • superior lobe of each hemisphere
  • seperated from the frontal lobe by the central sulcus
  • separated from the frontal lobe by the central sulcus
  • contains the primary sensory area
  • interpretation of sensory data
58
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • lateral cortex
  • inferior to the parital lobe
  • auditory receiving and interpretation area
  • wernicke area=speech comprehension area
  • olfactory receivin and interpretation area(smell)
59
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • the most posterior and inferior lobe
  • visual recieving and interpretation area
  • -“mom has eyes in backa head”
60
Q

dienchephalon

A
  • location btw cerebrum and brain stem
  • contains pineal gland/limbic system
  • functional and structural link btw the cerebral hemisphere and the brain stem
  • -pineal gland secrets hormone called melotonin
  • melotonin-invovled in sleep cycle , circadian rhythmn
  • limbic system responsible for emotions, and emtional control
  • diencephalon divided into thalmaus/hypothalamus
61
Q

thalamus

A
  • surrounds the third ventricle
  • sorts and directs sensory input to appropriate area of the cerebral cortex
  • acts as a filter
62
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • forms the floor of the third vventricle
  • maintains homeostasis by controlling: body temp,sleep,appetite,water balance,emotions
  • controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
  • influences HR,respiration,vasoconstriction/vasodilation(BP),respiration,digestion,thirst
  • interface btw the cns and the endocrine system(piturary gland)
63
Q

brain stem(midbrain,pons,medulla ob)

A

-connects the cerebrum and the diencephalon with the spinal cord

64
Q

midbrain

A
  • extends from the lower part of the diencephalon to the pons
  • contains the reflex centers concerned with vision and hearing
65
Q

pons

A
  • bridge between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain

- helps regulate breathing rate and rhythmn

66
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • connects pons and spinal cord
  • links the brain and spinal cord functionally
  • has centers that control vital functions:
    • resp. center,cardiac center,vasomotor center
  • medulla called vital center because of R,HR,BP
67
Q

cerebellum(little brain)

A
  • located under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
  • divided into two hemispheres
  • primarly concerened voluntar muscles
  • intergrates visual,auditory,and skeletal muscle location information to produce a smooth coordinated response
  • maintain balance and muscle tone
68
Q

cranial nerves(12 pairs)

A
  • emerge from brain
  • arrange from anterior to posterior
  • some are all sensory
  • some are all motor
  • some are mixed/both

*some say marry money by my brother say bad business mary money

69
Q

sensory vs. mixed nerves

A

-sensory- 2 types of sensory are gathered by cranial nerves
1-special senses-vision,hearing,olfaction,taste
2-general senses-touch,temp,pain,muscle sense, texture, pressure

motor command

  • somatic motor-concenrend with voluntary muscles
  • visceral motor-involuntrary muscles

*some say marry money but my brother says bad busnisess marry money

70
Q

cranial nerves

A

1) Olfactory: sense of smell
2) optic: sense of sight
3) oculomotor:movement of the eyeball;constriction of pupil in bright light or for near vision
5) trigeminal-sensation in face, eyes, scalp,and teeth, contraction of muscles
7) facial(gustation nerve): sense of taste, contraction of facial muscles(expression), secretion of saliva and tears
8) acoustic(vestibulocochlear): sense of hearing, sense of equilibrium-inner ear
9) glossopharyngeal:sense of taste, controls swallowing muscles, gag reflex(risk for aspiration)
10) vagus(parasympathetic):sense in cardiac,respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes, motor impulses to larynx(speaking), decrease heart rate,peristalsis, and increase in digestive secretions

71
Q

1)Olfactory:

A

sense of smell

72
Q

2)optic:

A

sense of sight

73
Q

3)oculomotor:

A

movement of the eyeball;constriction of pupil in bright light or for near vision

74
Q

5)trigeminal:

A

-sensation in face, eyes, scalp,and teeth, contraction of muscles

75
Q

7)facial(gustation nerve):

A

sense of taste, contraction of facial muscles(expression), secretion of saliva and tears

76
Q

8)acoustic(vestibulocochlear):

A

sense of hearing, sense of equilibrium-inner ear

77
Q

9)glossopharyngeal:

A

sense of taste, controls swallowing muscles, gag reflex(risk for aspiration)

78
Q

10)vagus(parasympathetic):

A

sense in cardiac,respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes, motor impulses to larynx(speaking), decrease heart rate,peristalsis, and increase in digestive secretions

79
Q

Autonomic(involuntary) nervous system

division of the PNS

A
  • effectors are: -smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • has two functional parts
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic
80
Q

sympathetic

A
  • fight or flight or stress reponse
  • neurotransmitter:epinephrine/nor epinephrine
  • The E’s(emergency,excitemetn,embarrassment,exexercise)
81
Q

parasympathetic

A
  • rest and digest or feed/breed
  • responsible for homeostasis
  • SLUDD: things parasympathetic promotes
  • salvation
  • lacrimation
  • urination
  • digestion
  • defecation
82
Q

Effects of sympathetic system on selected organs:

A

pupils of the eye: dilation
sweat glands: stimulation
digestive glands: inhibition
heart: increased rate and strength of beat
Bronchi of lungs: dilation
Muscles of digestive system: decreased peristalsis
kidneys: decreased activity
urinary bladder:relaxation to prevention urination
liver: increased release of glucose
blood vessels: increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and resp. system

83
Q

Effects of the parasympathtic system on selected organs:

A

pupils of the eye: consrtiction
sweat glands: none
digestive glands: stimulation
heart: decreased rate of beat
Bronchi of lungs: constriction
Muscles of digestive system: increased peristalsis
kidneys: none
urinary bladder: contracting and empyting
liver:none
blood vessels:increased blood flow to Gi system

84
Q

Fibers for the sympathetic nervous system orginate in?

A

Thorasic and lumbar

85
Q

Fibers for the parasympathetic originate in?

A

Cervical and sacral

86
Q

Meninges

A

protective covering of the brain

87
Q

Dura mater

A
  • outer most layer
  • lines cranium
  • thickest/toughest layer
88
Q

Arachnoid

A
  • arachnoid villi
  • middle layer
  • finger-like projections
  • whose job is to absorb CSF
89
Q

Pia Matter

A
  • the deepest layer

- contains many blood vessels supplies oxygen and nutrients to the brain and spinal cord

90
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid-CSF

A
  • mad eby epyndemal cells in the choroid plexues of the cerebral ventricles
  • absorbed by the archanoid villa
  • functions: cushions, transports 02 and nutrients
  • transports metabolic waste products
  • characteristics: clear, no RBC, contains glucose, sterile, contains a few WBCs
  • cloudy=menigitis
  • yellow=liver problems
91
Q

Ventricles

A
  • spaces within the brain
  • four ventricles
  • two lateral ventricles
  • one in each cerebral hemispher drain to the third ventricle
  • the third ventricle is medial and it drains into the 4th ventricle
  • the 4th ventricle is medial and inferior to the third ventricle
  • each ventricle contains a vascular network called the choroid plexus
  • the choroid plexus along with epydemal cells form the CSF
92
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • largest part of the brain
  • seat of intelligence: writing, reading,speaking,calculations,planning and executive functions
  • site of memory and learning
  • surface of the cerebrum is covered with grey matter called the cerebral cortex
  • white matter is under the cortex
  • grey matter on the outside
  • surface folds called gyri(gyrus) which are seperated by grooves called sulci(sulcus)
  • the cerebrum is divided into 2 hemisphere right and left by the longtitudinal fissure
  • the two hemispheres are connected by aband of white matter called corpus collosum
  • each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes
  • the lobes are named after cranial bones directly over them
93
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • large in humans
  • contains the primary motor area(conscious control of skeletal muscle)
  • decussation(crossing over)=right hemisphere controls left side of the body(contralateral control)
  • two motor speech centers
  • brocca(oral speech)
  • written speech area
94
Q

partietal lobe

A
  • superior lobe of each hemisphere
  • seperated from the frontal lobe by the central sulcus
  • separated from the frontal lobe by the central sulcus
  • contains the primary sensory area
  • interpretation of sensory data
95
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • lateral cortex
  • inferior to the parital lobe
  • auditory receiving and interpretation area
  • wernicke area=speech comprehension area
  • olfactory receivin and interpretation area(smell)
96
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • the most posterior and inferior lobe
  • visual recieving and interpretation area
  • -“mom has eyes in backa head”
97
Q

dienchephalon

A
  • location btw cerebrum and brain stem
  • contains pineal gland/limbic system
  • functional and structural link btw the cerebral hemisphere and the brain stem
  • -pineal gland secrets hormone called melotonin
  • melotonin-invovled in sleep cycle , circadian rhythmn
  • limbic system responsible for emotions, and emtional control
  • diencephalon divided into thalmaus/hypothalamus
98
Q

thalamus

A
  • surrounds the third ventricle
  • sorts and directs sensory input to appropriate area of the cerebral cortex
  • acts as a filter
99
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • forms the floor of the third vventricle
  • maintains homeostasis by controlling: body temp,sleep,appetite,water balance,emotions
  • controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
  • influences HR,respiration,vasoconstriction/vasodilation(BP),respiration,digestion,thirst
  • interface btw the cns and the endocrine system(piturary gland)
100
Q

brain stem(midbrain,pons,medulla ob)

A

-connects the cerebrum and the diencephalon with the spinal cord

101
Q

midbrain

A
  • extends from the lower part of the diencephalon to the pons
  • contains the reflex centers concerned with vision and hearing
102
Q

pons

A
  • bridge between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain

- helps regulate breathing rate and rhythmn

103
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • connects pons and spinal cord
  • links the brain and spinal cord functionally
  • has centers that control vital functions:
    • resp. center,cardiac center,vasomotor center
  • medulla called vital center because of R,HR,BP
104
Q

cerebellum(little brain)

A
  • located under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
  • divided into two hemispheres
  • primarly concerened voluntar muscles
  • intergrates visual,auditory,and skeletal muscle location information to produce a smooth coordinated response
  • maintain balance and muscle tone
105
Q

cranial nerves(12 pairs)

A
  • emerge from brain
  • arrange from anterior to posterior
  • some are all sensory
  • some are all motor
  • some are mixed/both

*some say marry money by my brother say bad business mary money

106
Q

sensory vs. mixed nerves

A

-sensory- 2 types of sensory are gathered by cranial nerves
1-special senses-vision,hearing,olfaction,taste
2-general senses-touch,temp,pain,muscle sense, texture, pressure

motor command

  • somatic motor-concenrend with voluntary muscles
  • visceral motor-involuntrary muscles

*some say marry money but my brother says bad busnisess marry money

107
Q

cranial nerves

A

1) Olfactory: sense of smell
2) optic: sense of sight
3) oculomotor:movement of the eyeball;constriction of pupil in bright light or for near vision
5) trigeminal-sensation in face, eyes, scalp,and teeth, contraction of muscles
7) facial(gustation nerve): sense of taste, contraction of facial muscles(expression), secretion of saliva and tears
8) acoustic(vestibulocochlear): sense of hearing, sense of equilibrium-inner ear
9) glossopharyngeal:sense of taste, controls swallowing muscles, gag reflex(risk for aspiration)
10) vagus(parasympathetic):sense in cardiac,respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes, motor impulses to larynx(speaking), decrease heart rate,peristalsis, and increase in digestive secretions

108
Q

1)Olfactory:

A

sense of smell

109
Q

2)optic:

A

sense of sight

110
Q

3)oculomotor:

A

movement of the eyeball;constriction of pupil in bright light or for near vision

111
Q

5)trigeminal:

A

-sensation in face, eyes, scalp,and teeth, contraction of muscles

112
Q

7)facial(gustation nerve):

A

sense of taste, contraction of facial muscles(expression), secretion of saliva and tears

113
Q

8)acoustic(vestibulocochlear):

A

sense of hearing, sense of equilibrium-inner ear

114
Q

9)glossopharyngeal:

A

sense of taste, controls swallowing muscles, gag reflex(risk for aspiration)

115
Q

10)vagus(parasympathetic):

A

sense in cardiac,respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes, motor impulses to larynx(speaking), decrease heart rate,peristalsis, and increase in digestive secretions

VEEB (25 decks)

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