skeletal system Flashcards
Diaphysis
the shaft of the bone, hollow tube composed of compact bone.
Epiphysis
enlarged distal and proximal ends of the long bone, composed of a thin layer of compact bone that covers spongey bone.
Articular Cartilage(Hylaine Cartilage)
covers the articular surface of the epiphyses. within the epiphysis is the epiphyseal disc(growth plate).
Periosteum
connective tissue membrane, covers the surface of the bone that is not covered with articular cartilage, contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that pass into the bone, contains bone cells
Endosteum
a layer of cells that line the medullary cavity space contains bone stem cells
Medullary cavity
space inside the diaphysis of a long bone in the adult it contains yellow bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
found in the medullary cavity of the long bone, most adipose tissue in the adult
Compact bone
- contains few spaces
- made up of osteons(Haversian system)
- An osteon/Haversion system is made up of a centeral Haversian canal that contains blood vessels.
- The osteocytes are arranged in concentric rings around the Haversian canal
- The osteocytes are scattered in a hard calcified matrix
Spongy bone(Cancellous)
- made up of thin plates of bone called trabeculae
- The osteocytes, matrix and blood vessels are not arranged in concentric circles.
- they are like a sponge with visible holes
- the space contain red bone marrow
Bone cells and Calcium
- the matrix of bones is composed of collagen fibers and calcium salts
- the inorganic part of the matrix is constantly being adjusted in order to maintain blood calcium concentration within range
Osteoblasts
- make bone matrix(collagen and calcium salts)
- calcitonin increases the activity of osteoblasts which leads to building bone
Osteoclasts
secrete acid and enzymes to dissolve and digest bone matrix
-parathyroid hormone increase the activity of osteoclasts which causes bone demineralization
The Skeleton
- divided into two major parts
- axial skeleton-the skull, the spinal column and the ribs
- appendicular skeleton- upper and lower extremities
Frontal Bone
forms the forehead ad the upper portion of the orbits
Parietal Bone
form parts of the sides and the top of the cranium
Temporal Bone
- Form part of the sides of the head close to the ears(called temples)
- part of the zygomatic arches(check bone)
- form the only articulation with the mandible
- surround and protect the inner ear
Ethmoid Bone
- found btw the orbits helps form the boney structure of the nasal cavity
- a projection of the ethmoid bone is a point of attachment of the meniniges
Sphenoid Bone
-Butterfly or bat shaped bone that forms the floor of the cranium, connects the cranial and facial bone
Occipital Bone
-forms the back of and the base of the cranium(foramen magnum)
Sinuses
- open areas in the bones of the cranium that lighten the skull bones
- provide large area of mucous membranes that secrete mucus which is released into the nasal cavity
Mandible
the lower jaw(the skulls only moveable bone)
Maxillary bones(2)
- fuse at the mid line to form the upper jaw bone
- the anterior part of the hard palate
Palatine bones(2)
-form the posterior portion of the hard palate and contribute to the floor of the orbits
Zygomatic bones(2)
-contribute to the rim and lateral wall of the orbit and form part of the zygomatic arch
Nasal bones(2)
form the bridge of the nose
Ossicles
3 bones in which ear transmit sound
Hyoid bone
supports the larynx and is an attachment site for many muscles including the tongue.
-it does not articulate directly with other bones
Spinal Column Regions(5)
1) CERVICAL
2) THORACIC
3) LUMBAR
4) SACRAL
5) COCCYGEAL
Cervical Region(7)
- made up of 7 vertebrae
- C1-ATLAS articulates with the occipital bone
- C2-AXIS
Thoracic Region(12)
-12 vertebrae that form superior portion of the back. The articulate with the ribs
Lumbar Region(5)
-vertebrae that form that inferior portion of the back
Sacral Region(5)
-vertebrae that fuse to form the sacral bone in the adult
Coccygeal Region
in the adult the vertebrae of the coccygeal region fuse to form one or two bones called the coccyx
Intervertebral discs
-composed of fibrocartilage, they act as shock absorbers
Curves of the Spine(4)
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral
Kyphosis
exaggerated Thoracic curvature
Lordosis
exaggerated Lumber curvature
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature
Thoracic cage(Rib Cage)
- made up of the sternum and the ribs
- protects the heart and lungs
- serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in respiration,
- posture and movement of the pectoral girdle
Thoracic cage(Rib Cage)
- 12 pairs articulate with the vertebral column
- 7 pairs true ribs articulate with sternum by costal cartilage
- 5 pairs False ribs
- 8,9,10- articulate with cartilage of the rib above them
- 11, 12 -floating ribs with no anterior articulation
sternum
breast bone
- made up of 3 parts
- Manubrium- top oval piece, articulate with the clavicle and first pair of ribs 1
- the body of the sternum- where the rest of articulate 2-10
- Xyphoid- very tip end of sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
- bones of the limbs
- and the supporting elements that surround elements that connect them to the axial skeleton
- two regions
- the arm and the pectoral girdle
- the leg and the pelvic girdle
Pectoral Girdle
CLAVICLE AND SCAPULA
Clavicle
-s shaped bone that joins the sternum anteriorly and the scapula laterally
Scapula(shoulder blade)
- a triangle bone(shoulder blade)
- spine of the scapula
- the glenoid fossa(cavity)-makes up half of the shoulder
Humerus(bone of the upper arm)
- head of the humerus
- the trochlea
- the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa make the upper shoulder joint
- trochlea and the trochlear notch in the ulna make the elbow
radius
in anatomic position lateral to ulna
ulna
in anatomic position medial to radius
the ulna
- ulna at he proximal end the ulna has
- the trochlear notch which forms the elbow with the trochlea of the humerus
- the olecranon process which forms the point of the elbow
bones of the wrist(8)
-there are 8 carpal bones(short bones) that make up the wrist
bones of the hand(long bones)
- hand 5 meta carpals
- thumb 2 phalanges
- the other finger have 3
- 14 phalanges total
pelvis
-pelvis is composite bone that includes bones from the axial skeleton and bones from the appendicular skeleton
coxal bone(hip bone)
- fushion of 3 bones
- illium, ishiumm and pubis
- three bones meet to form the acetablum
illium
- Forms the upper flared portion of the hip bone
- landmarks: the illiac crest and the anterior superior illac spine
Ishium
- forms the lowest and strongest part of the bone
- Landmarks: the ischeal spine and the ischeal tuberosity
pubis
forms the anterior part
-the sympphsis pubis (where fibrocartilage meet)
Pelvis Girdle
articulations
- acetablum-articulate with head of femur
- sacroiliac-btwn sacrum & illum
- Pubis symphysis
pelvis
- bears weight of the body
- point of attachment of the legs to the axial skeleton
- protects the urinary bladder and reproductive system
False pelvis
illiac crest and sacrum open anteriorly
true pelvis
completely surrounded by bone, pubic bone and pubic symphysis, ischium and sacrum
- Greater Sciatic notch- the sciatic nerve passes through it
- Orbturator foramen
male pelvis
-narrow(funnel shape) the pubic angle is narrow
female pelvis
-broad and shallow (basin shape) the pubic angle is wide
femur
- the longest and heaviest bone of the body
- landmarks: head of the femur, neck of the femur, greater trochanter, lateral condyle, medial condyle
patella
knee cap
- sesmoid bone(grows within a tendon)
- embedded in the quadriceps femoris tendon
tibia(shin bone)
- shin bone
- longer than the fibula
- its the weight bearing bone
- landmarks of the tibia
- anterior crest
- medial maleolus
Fibula
-shorter than the tibia
-non weight bearing
-landmarks of the fibula
lateral to the maleolus
bones of the ankle(short bones)
- the ankle is make up of 7 tarsal bones
- the calcaneus (the heel)
bones of the foot(long bones)
- 5 metatarsals
- 14 phalanges
stages of Fx(Fracture)
- Fracture
- Fracture Hematoma: no circulation at the fx site leads to death of the osteoblasts and periosteum, inflammation and swelling
- Callus formation: Fibrocartilage callus
- Formation of bony callus(spongy bone)
- Bone remodeling
Synarthroses
- non moveable joints(fiborous joints)
- suture of the skull
- held together by fibrous connective tissue
Amphiarthroses
- slightly moveable joints(cartigeous joints)
- the bones are connected by cartilage ex. the vertebral column and the pubic symphysis(comes into play during childbirth
Diarthroses
freely moveable joints(synovial joints)
- bones have space between them called synovial joint cavity
- joint cavity is lined with synovial membrane and synovial fluid
Articular capsule
fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and connects the synovial cavity with the articulating bones
Synovial membrane
lines the articular capsule
Bursae
fluid filled sacs that reduce friction in areas around joints between bones, tendon ligaments and muscles
Synovial Joints(6)
diarthoses (synovial joints)
- ball and socket
- gliding
- pivot
- Hinge
- Condyloid
- Saddle
Ball and Socket Joint
allows movement around central point
-HIP AND SHOULDER JOINTS
gliding joints
bone surface slide over one an other
WRIST AND ANKLE
pivot joints
arounds rotation around length of the bone
JOINT BTW c1 & c2 vertebrae
JOINT BTW proximal ends of radius and ulna
hinge joint
allows movement in one direction
ELBOW AND KNEE
condyloid joint
movement in two directions
joint btw metacarpal and first phalanges
joint btw occipital and c1 vertebrae
Saddle Joint
allow movement in two directions
ex joint btw wrist and the metacarpal bone of the thumb
Flexion
bending motion that decreases the angle between bone
Extension
motion that increases the angle between bones
Abduction
away from the midline of the body
Adduction
toward the the midline of the body
rotation
turning around an axis
circumduction
movement in a circular pattern(360)
supination
positioning of the hand so that the palmar surface is upwards or towards the front
pronation
palmar surface downward or towards the back
Dorsiflexion
turning the foot upwards or toes
Plantar flexion
pointing of the toes or foot
inversion
turn plantar surface inward/medially
eversion
outwards/laterally
connective tissue
- osseous
- cartilage
- fibrous connective tissue, tendons, ligaments, periosteum, perichondrium
functions of the skeletal system
support protection movement mineral storage(calcium and phosphorus) blood cell production
Bone markings
-structured features of bones that have been adapted for specific function
Bone marking: projections
head: enlarged rounded head of a bone, supported on a narrow portion of the bone
ex. head of the femur
process-large prominent projection of a bone ex the olecranion process(elbow)
crest-prominent ridge or border to which tendons and ligaments attach
ex. illiac crest
spine: sharp projection from the surface of the bone
ex. spine of the scapula
condyle: large rounded process(projection)
for articuation joints
ex the lateral condyle of the femur
Bone marking: Depression or Holes
foramen: opening through blood vessels nerves or ligaments pass
ex. foramen magnum
sinus: air filled cavity within a bone sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity
ex. para nasal sinuses around the nose
Fossa: depression in or on a bone
ex. glenoid fossa- socket in which bone in shoulder joint
Meatus: tube like passageway running within a bone
ex. external auditory meatus
Long bone(column shaped)
bones of arm legs feet
Short bone(cubed shaped)
bones of wrist and ankle
flat bone(thin flat curved)
ribs,shoulder blade,hip bones, cranial bones
irregular bones
facial bones and vertebra
