skeletal system Flashcards
1
Q
Diaphysis
A
the shaft of the bone, hollow tube composed of compact bone.
2
Q
Epiphysis
A
enlarged distal and proximal ends of the long bone, composed of a thin layer of compact bone that covers spongey bone.
3
Q
Articular Cartilage(Hylaine Cartilage)
A
covers the articular surface of the epiphyses. within the epiphysis is the epiphyseal disc(growth plate).
4
Q
Periosteum
A
connective tissue membrane, covers the surface of the bone that is not covered with articular cartilage, contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that pass into the bone, contains bone cells
5
Q
Endosteum
A
a layer of cells that line the medullary cavity space contains bone stem cells
6
Q
Medullary cavity
A
space inside the diaphysis of a long bone in the adult it contains yellow bone marrow
7
Q
Yellow bone marrow
A
found in the medullary cavity of the long bone, most adipose tissue in the adult
8
Q
Compact bone
A
- contains few spaces
- made up of osteons(Haversian system)
- An osteon/Haversion system is made up of a centeral Haversian canal that contains blood vessels.
- The osteocytes are arranged in concentric rings around the Haversian canal
- The osteocytes are scattered in a hard calcified matrix
9
Q
Spongy bone(Cancellous)
A
- made up of thin plates of bone called trabeculae
- The osteocytes, matrix and blood vessels are not arranged in concentric circles.
- they are like a sponge with visible holes
- the space contain red bone marrow
10
Q
Bone cells and Calcium
A
- the matrix of bones is composed of collagen fibers and calcium salts
- the inorganic part of the matrix is constantly being adjusted in order to maintain blood calcium concentration within range
11
Q
Osteoblasts
A
- make bone matrix(collagen and calcium salts)
- calcitonin increases the activity of osteoblasts which leads to building bone
12
Q
Osteoclasts
A
secrete acid and enzymes to dissolve and digest bone matrix
-parathyroid hormone increase the activity of osteoclasts which causes bone demineralization
13
Q
The Skeleton
A
- divided into two major parts
- axial skeleton-the skull, the spinal column and the ribs
- appendicular skeleton- upper and lower extremities
14
Q
Frontal Bone
A
forms the forehead ad the upper portion of the orbits
15
Q
Parietal Bone
A
form parts of the sides and the top of the cranium
16
Q
Temporal Bone
A
- Form part of the sides of the head close to the ears(called temples)
- part of the zygomatic arches(check bone)
- form the only articulation with the mandible
- surround and protect the inner ear
17
Q
Ethmoid Bone
A
- found btw the orbits helps form the boney structure of the nasal cavity
- a projection of the ethmoid bone is a point of attachment of the meniniges
18
Q
Sphenoid Bone
A
-Butterfly or bat shaped bone that forms the floor of the cranium, connects the cranial and facial bone
19
Q
Occipital Bone
A
-forms the back of and the base of the cranium(foramen magnum)
20
Q
Sinuses
A
- open areas in the bones of the cranium that lighten the skull bones
- provide large area of mucous membranes that secrete mucus which is released into the nasal cavity
21
Q
Mandible
A
the lower jaw(the skulls only moveable bone)
22
Q
Maxillary bones(2)
A
- fuse at the mid line to form the upper jaw bone
- the anterior part of the hard palate
23
Q
Palatine bones(2)
A
-form the posterior portion of the hard palate and contribute to the floor of the orbits
24
Q
Zygomatic bones(2)
A
-contribute to the rim and lateral wall of the orbit and form part of the zygomatic arch
25
Nasal bones(2)
form the bridge of the nose
26
Ossicles
3 bones in which ear transmit sound
27
Hyoid bone
supports the larynx and is an attachment site for many muscles including the tongue.
-it does not articulate directly with other bones
28
Spinal Column Regions(5)
1) CERVICAL
2) THORACIC
3) LUMBAR
4) SACRAL
5) COCCYGEAL
29
Cervical Region(7)
- made up of 7 vertebrae
- C1-ATLAS articulates with the occipital bone
- C2-AXIS
30
Thoracic Region(12)
-12 vertebrae that form superior portion of the back. The articulate with the ribs
31
Lumbar Region(5)
-vertebrae that form that inferior portion of the back
32
Sacral Region(5)
-vertebrae that fuse to form the sacral bone in the adult
33
Coccygeal Region
in the adult the vertebrae of the coccygeal region fuse to form one or two bones called the coccyx
34
Intervertebral discs
-composed of fibrocartilage, they act as shock absorbers
35
Curves of the Spine(4)
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral
36
Kyphosis
exaggerated Thoracic curvature
37
Lordosis
exaggerated Lumber curvature
38
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature
39
Thoracic cage(Rib Cage)
- made up of the sternum and the ribs
- protects the heart and lungs
- serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in respiration,
- posture and movement of the pectoral girdle
40
Thoracic cage(Rib Cage)
- 12 pairs articulate with the vertebral column
- 7 pairs true ribs articulate with sternum by costal cartilage
- 5 pairs False ribs
- 8,9,10- articulate with cartilage of the rib above them
- 11, 12 -floating ribs with no anterior articulation
41
sternum
breast bone
- made up of 3 parts
- Manubrium- top oval piece, articulate with the clavicle and first pair of ribs 1
- the body of the sternum- where the rest of articulate 2-10
- Xyphoid- very tip end of sternum
42
Appendicular Skeleton
- bones of the limbs
- and the supporting elements that surround elements that connect them to the axial skeleton
- two regions
- the arm and the pectoral girdle
- the leg and the pelvic girdle
43
Pectoral Girdle
CLAVICLE AND SCAPULA
44
Clavicle
-s shaped bone that joins the sternum anteriorly and the scapula laterally
45
Scapula(shoulder blade)
- a triangle bone(shoulder blade)
- spine of the scapula
- the glenoid fossa(cavity)-makes up half of the shoulder
46
Humerus(bone of the upper arm)
- head of the humerus
- the trochlea
- the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa make the upper shoulder joint
- trochlea and the trochlear notch in the ulna make the elbow
47
radius
in anatomic position lateral to ulna
48
ulna
in anatomic position medial to radius
49
the ulna
- ulna at he proximal end the ulna has
- the trochlear notch which forms the elbow with the trochlea of the humerus
- the olecranon process which forms the point of the elbow
50
bones of the wrist(8)
-there are 8 carpal bones(short bones) that make up the wrist
51
bones of the hand(long bones)
- hand 5 meta carpals
- thumb 2 phalanges
- the other finger have 3
- 14 phalanges total
52
pelvis
-pelvis is composite bone that includes bones from the axial skeleton and bones from the appendicular skeleton
53
coxal bone(hip bone)
- fushion of 3 bones
- illium, ishiumm and pubis
- three bones meet to form the acetablum
54
illium
- Forms the upper flared portion of the hip bone
| - landmarks: the illiac crest and the anterior superior illac spine
55
Ishium
- forms the lowest and strongest part of the bone
| - Landmarks: the ischeal spine and the ischeal tuberosity
56
pubis
forms the anterior part
| -the sympphsis pubis (where fibrocartilage meet)
57
Pelvis Girdle
articulations
- acetablum-articulate with head of femur
- sacroiliac-btwn sacrum & illum
- Pubis symphysis
58
pelvis
- bears weight of the body
- point of attachment of the legs to the axial skeleton
- protects the urinary bladder and reproductive system
59
False pelvis
illiac crest and sacrum open anteriorly
60
true pelvis
completely surrounded by bone, pubic bone and pubic symphysis, ischium and sacrum
- Greater Sciatic notch- the sciatic nerve passes through it
- Orbturator foramen
61
male pelvis
-narrow(funnel shape) the pubic angle is narrow
62
female pelvis
-broad and shallow (basin shape) the pubic angle is wide
63
femur
- the longest and heaviest bone of the body
| - landmarks: head of the femur, neck of the femur, greater trochanter, lateral condyle, medial condyle
64
patella
knee cap
- sesmoid bone(grows within a tendon)
- embedded in the quadriceps femoris tendon
65
tibia(shin bone)
- shin bone
- longer than the fibula
- its the weight bearing bone
- landmarks of the tibia
- anterior crest
- medial maleolus
66
Fibula
-shorter than the tibia
-non weight bearing
-landmarks of the fibula
lateral to the maleolus
67
bones of the ankle(short bones)
- the ankle is make up of 7 tarsal bones
| - the calcaneus (the heel)
68
bones of the foot(long bones)
- 5 metatarsals
| - 14 phalanges
69
stages of Fx(Fracture)
1. Fracture
2. Fracture Hematoma: no circulation at the fx site leads to death of the osteoblasts and periosteum, inflammation and swelling
3. Callus formation: Fibrocartilage callus
4. Formation of bony callus(spongy bone)
5. Bone remodeling
70
Synarthroses
- non moveable joints(fiborous joints)
- suture of the skull
- held together by fibrous connective tissue
71
Amphiarthroses
- slightly moveable joints(cartigeous joints)
- the bones are connected by cartilage ex. the vertebral column and the pubic symphysis(comes into play during childbirth
72
Diarthroses
freely moveable joints(synovial joints)
- bones have space between them called synovial joint cavity
- joint cavity is lined with synovial membrane and synovial fluid
73
Articular capsule
fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and connects the synovial cavity with the articulating bones
74
Synovial membrane
lines the articular capsule
75
Bursae
fluid filled sacs that reduce friction in areas around joints between bones, tendon ligaments and muscles
76
Synovial Joints(6)
diarthoses (synovial joints)
1. ball and socket
2. gliding
3. pivot
4. Hinge
5. Condyloid
6. Saddle
77
Ball and Socket Joint
allows movement around central point
| -HIP AND SHOULDER JOINTS
78
gliding joints
bone surface slide over one an other
| WRIST AND ANKLE
79
pivot joints
arounds rotation around length of the bone
JOINT BTW c1 & c2 vertebrae
JOINT BTW proximal ends of radius and ulna
80
hinge joint
allows movement in one direction
| ELBOW AND KNEE
81
condyloid joint
movement in two directions
joint btw metacarpal and first phalanges
joint btw occipital and c1 vertebrae
82
Saddle Joint
allow movement in two directions
| ex joint btw wrist and the metacarpal bone of the thumb
83
Flexion
bending motion that decreases the angle between bone
84
Extension
motion that increases the angle between bones
85
Abduction
away from the midline of the body
86
Adduction
toward the the midline of the body
87
rotation
turning around an axis
88
circumduction
movement in a circular pattern(360)
89
supination
positioning of the hand so that the palmar surface is upwards or towards the front
90
pronation
palmar surface downward or towards the back
91
Dorsiflexion
turning the foot upwards or toes
92
Plantar flexion
pointing of the toes or foot
93
inversion
turn plantar surface inward/medially
94
eversion
outwards/laterally
95
connective tissue
1. osseous
2. cartilage
3. fibrous connective tissue, tendons, ligaments, periosteum, perichondrium
96
functions of the skeletal system
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support
protection
movement
mineral storage(calcium and phosphorus)
blood cell production
```
97
Bone markings
-structured features of bones that have been adapted for specific function
98
Bone marking: projections
head: enlarged rounded head of a bone, supported on a narrow portion of the bone
ex. head of the femur
process-large prominent projection of a bone ex the olecranion process(elbow)
crest-prominent ridge or border to which tendons and ligaments attach
ex. illiac crest
spine: sharp projection from the surface of the bone
ex. spine of the scapula
condyle: large rounded process(projection)
for articuation joints
ex the lateral condyle of the femur
99
Bone marking: Depression or Holes
foramen: opening through blood vessels nerves or ligaments pass
ex. foramen magnum
sinus: air filled cavity within a bone sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity
ex. para nasal sinuses around the nose
Fossa: depression in or on a bone
ex. glenoid fossa- socket in which bone in shoulder joint
Meatus: tube like passageway running within a bone
ex. external auditory meatus
100
Long bone(column shaped)
bones of arm legs feet
101
Short bone(cubed shaped)
bones of wrist and ankle
102
flat bone(thin flat curved)
ribs,shoulder blade,hip bones, cranial bones
103
irregular bones
facial bones and vertebra
