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VEEB > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Diaphysis

A

the shaft of the bone, hollow tube composed of compact bone.

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2
Q

Epiphysis

A

enlarged distal and proximal ends of the long bone, composed of a thin layer of compact bone that covers spongey bone.

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3
Q

Articular Cartilage(Hylaine Cartilage)

A

covers the articular surface of the epiphyses. within the epiphysis is the epiphyseal disc(growth plate).

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4
Q

Periosteum

A

connective tissue membrane, covers the surface of the bone that is not covered with articular cartilage, contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that pass into the bone, contains bone cells

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5
Q

Endosteum

A

a layer of cells that line the medullary cavity space contains bone stem cells

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6
Q

Medullary cavity

A

space inside the diaphysis of a long bone in the adult it contains yellow bone marrow

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7
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

found in the medullary cavity of the long bone, most adipose tissue in the adult

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8
Q

Compact bone

A
  • contains few spaces
  • made up of osteons(Haversian system)
  • An osteon/Haversion system is made up of a centeral Haversian canal that contains blood vessels.
  • The osteocytes are arranged in concentric rings around the Haversian canal
  • The osteocytes are scattered in a hard calcified matrix
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9
Q

Spongy bone(Cancellous)

A
  • made up of thin plates of bone called trabeculae
  • The osteocytes, matrix and blood vessels are not arranged in concentric circles.
  • they are like a sponge with visible holes
  • the space contain red bone marrow
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10
Q

Bone cells and Calcium

A
  • the matrix of bones is composed of collagen fibers and calcium salts
  • the inorganic part of the matrix is constantly being adjusted in order to maintain blood calcium concentration within range
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11
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • make bone matrix(collagen and calcium salts)

- calcitonin increases the activity of osteoblasts which leads to building bone

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12
Q

Osteoclasts

A

secrete acid and enzymes to dissolve and digest bone matrix

-parathyroid hormone increase the activity of osteoclasts which causes bone demineralization

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13
Q

The Skeleton

A
  • divided into two major parts
  • axial skeleton-the skull, the spinal column and the ribs
  • appendicular skeleton- upper and lower extremities
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14
Q

Frontal Bone

A

forms the forehead ad the upper portion of the orbits

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15
Q

Parietal Bone

A

form parts of the sides and the top of the cranium

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16
Q

Temporal Bone

A
  • Form part of the sides of the head close to the ears(called temples)
  • part of the zygomatic arches(check bone)
  • form the only articulation with the mandible
  • surround and protect the inner ear
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17
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A
  • found btw the orbits helps form the boney structure of the nasal cavity
  • a projection of the ethmoid bone is a point of attachment of the meniniges
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18
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

-Butterfly or bat shaped bone that forms the floor of the cranium, connects the cranial and facial bone

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19
Q

Occipital Bone

A

-forms the back of and the base of the cranium(foramen magnum)

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20
Q

Sinuses

A
  • open areas in the bones of the cranium that lighten the skull bones
  • provide large area of mucous membranes that secrete mucus which is released into the nasal cavity
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21
Q

Mandible

A

the lower jaw(the skulls only moveable bone)

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22
Q

Maxillary bones(2)

A
  • fuse at the mid line to form the upper jaw bone

- the anterior part of the hard palate

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23
Q

Palatine bones(2)

A

-form the posterior portion of the hard palate and contribute to the floor of the orbits

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24
Q

Zygomatic bones(2)

A

-contribute to the rim and lateral wall of the orbit and form part of the zygomatic arch

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25
Q

Nasal bones(2)

A

form the bridge of the nose

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26
Q

Ossicles

A

3 bones in which ear transmit sound

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27
Q

Hyoid bone

A

supports the larynx and is an attachment site for many muscles including the tongue.
-it does not articulate directly with other bones

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28
Q

Spinal Column Regions(5)

A

1) CERVICAL
2) THORACIC
3) LUMBAR
4) SACRAL
5) COCCYGEAL

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29
Q

Cervical Region(7)

A
  • made up of 7 vertebrae
  • C1-ATLAS articulates with the occipital bone
  • C2-AXIS
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30
Q

Thoracic Region(12)

A

-12 vertebrae that form superior portion of the back. The articulate with the ribs

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31
Q

Lumbar Region(5)

A

-vertebrae that form that inferior portion of the back

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32
Q

Sacral Region(5)

A

-vertebrae that fuse to form the sacral bone in the adult

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33
Q

Coccygeal Region

A

in the adult the vertebrae of the coccygeal region fuse to form one or two bones called the coccyx

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34
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

-composed of fibrocartilage, they act as shock absorbers

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35
Q

Curves of the Spine(4)

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral

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36
Q

Kyphosis

A

exaggerated Thoracic curvature

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37
Q

Lordosis

A

exaggerated Lumber curvature

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38
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature

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39
Q

Thoracic cage(Rib Cage)

A
  • made up of the sternum and the ribs
  • protects the heart and lungs
  • serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in respiration,
  • posture and movement of the pectoral girdle
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40
Q

Thoracic cage(Rib Cage)

A
  • 12 pairs articulate with the vertebral column
  • 7 pairs true ribs articulate with sternum by costal cartilage
  • 5 pairs False ribs
  • 8,9,10- articulate with cartilage of the rib above them
  • 11, 12 -floating ribs with no anterior articulation
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41
Q

sternum

A

breast bone

  • made up of 3 parts
  • Manubrium- top oval piece, articulate with the clavicle and first pair of ribs 1
  • the body of the sternum- where the rest of articulate 2-10
  • Xyphoid- very tip end of sternum
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42
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • bones of the limbs
  • and the supporting elements that surround elements that connect them to the axial skeleton
  • two regions
  • the arm and the pectoral girdle
  • the leg and the pelvic girdle
43
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

CLAVICLE AND SCAPULA

44
Q

Clavicle

A

-s shaped bone that joins the sternum anteriorly and the scapula laterally

45
Q

Scapula(shoulder blade)

A
  • a triangle bone(shoulder blade)
  • spine of the scapula
  • the glenoid fossa(cavity)-makes up half of the shoulder
46
Q

Humerus(bone of the upper arm)

A
  • head of the humerus
  • the trochlea
  • the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa make the upper shoulder joint
  • trochlea and the trochlear notch in the ulna make the elbow
47
Q

radius

A

in anatomic position lateral to ulna

48
Q

ulna

A

in anatomic position medial to radius

49
Q

the ulna

A
  • ulna at he proximal end the ulna has
  • the trochlear notch which forms the elbow with the trochlea of the humerus
  • the olecranon process which forms the point of the elbow
50
Q

bones of the wrist(8)

A

-there are 8 carpal bones(short bones) that make up the wrist

51
Q

bones of the hand(long bones)

A
  • hand 5 meta carpals
  • thumb 2 phalanges
  • the other finger have 3
  • 14 phalanges total
52
Q

pelvis

A

-pelvis is composite bone that includes bones from the axial skeleton and bones from the appendicular skeleton

53
Q

coxal bone(hip bone)

A
  • fushion of 3 bones
  • illium, ishiumm and pubis
  • three bones meet to form the acetablum
54
Q

illium

A
  • Forms the upper flared portion of the hip bone

- landmarks: the illiac crest and the anterior superior illac spine

55
Q

Ishium

A
  • forms the lowest and strongest part of the bone

- Landmarks: the ischeal spine and the ischeal tuberosity

56
Q

pubis

A

forms the anterior part

-the sympphsis pubis (where fibrocartilage meet)

57
Q

Pelvis Girdle

A

articulations

  • acetablum-articulate with head of femur
  • sacroiliac-btwn sacrum & illum
  • Pubis symphysis
58
Q

pelvis

A
  • bears weight of the body
  • point of attachment of the legs to the axial skeleton
  • protects the urinary bladder and reproductive system
59
Q

False pelvis

A

illiac crest and sacrum open anteriorly

60
Q

true pelvis

A

completely surrounded by bone, pubic bone and pubic symphysis, ischium and sacrum

  • Greater Sciatic notch- the sciatic nerve passes through it
  • Orbturator foramen
61
Q

male pelvis

A

-narrow(funnel shape) the pubic angle is narrow

62
Q

female pelvis

A

-broad and shallow (basin shape) the pubic angle is wide

63
Q

femur

A
  • the longest and heaviest bone of the body

- landmarks: head of the femur, neck of the femur, greater trochanter, lateral condyle, medial condyle

64
Q

patella

A

knee cap

  • sesmoid bone(grows within a tendon)
  • embedded in the quadriceps femoris tendon
65
Q

tibia(shin bone)

A
  • shin bone
  • longer than the fibula
  • its the weight bearing bone
  • landmarks of the tibia
  • anterior crest
  • medial maleolus
66
Q

Fibula

A

-shorter than the tibia
-non weight bearing
-landmarks of the fibula
lateral to the maleolus

67
Q

bones of the ankle(short bones)

A
  • the ankle is make up of 7 tarsal bones

- the calcaneus (the heel)

68
Q

bones of the foot(long bones)

A
  • 5 metatarsals

- 14 phalanges

69
Q

stages of Fx(Fracture)

A
  1. Fracture
  2. Fracture Hematoma: no circulation at the fx site leads to death of the osteoblasts and periosteum, inflammation and swelling
  3. Callus formation: Fibrocartilage callus
  4. Formation of bony callus(spongy bone)
  5. Bone remodeling
70
Q

Synarthroses

A
  • non moveable joints(fiborous joints)
  • suture of the skull
  • held together by fibrous connective tissue
71
Q

Amphiarthroses

A
  • slightly moveable joints(cartigeous joints)
  • the bones are connected by cartilage ex. the vertebral column and the pubic symphysis(comes into play during childbirth
72
Q

Diarthroses

A

freely moveable joints(synovial joints)

  • bones have space between them called synovial joint cavity
  • joint cavity is lined with synovial membrane and synovial fluid
73
Q

Articular capsule

A

fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and connects the synovial cavity with the articulating bones

74
Q

Synovial membrane

A

lines the articular capsule

75
Q

Bursae

A

fluid filled sacs that reduce friction in areas around joints between bones, tendon ligaments and muscles

76
Q

Synovial Joints(6)

A

diarthoses (synovial joints)

  1. ball and socket
  2. gliding
  3. pivot
  4. Hinge
  5. Condyloid
  6. Saddle
77
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

allows movement around central point

-HIP AND SHOULDER JOINTS

78
Q

gliding joints

A

bone surface slide over one an other

WRIST AND ANKLE

79
Q

pivot joints

A

arounds rotation around length of the bone
JOINT BTW c1 & c2 vertebrae
JOINT BTW proximal ends of radius and ulna

80
Q

hinge joint

A

allows movement in one direction

ELBOW AND KNEE

81
Q

condyloid joint

A

movement in two directions
joint btw metacarpal and first phalanges
joint btw occipital and c1 vertebrae

82
Q

Saddle Joint

A

allow movement in two directions

ex joint btw wrist and the metacarpal bone of the thumb

83
Q

Flexion

A

bending motion that decreases the angle between bone

84
Q

Extension

A

motion that increases the angle between bones

85
Q

Abduction

A

away from the midline of the body

86
Q

Adduction

A

toward the the midline of the body

87
Q

rotation

A

turning around an axis

88
Q

circumduction

A

movement in a circular pattern(360)

89
Q

supination

A

positioning of the hand so that the palmar surface is upwards or towards the front

90
Q

pronation

A

palmar surface downward or towards the back

91
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

turning the foot upwards or toes

92
Q

Plantar flexion

A

pointing of the toes or foot

93
Q

inversion

A

turn plantar surface inward/medially

94
Q

eversion

A

outwards/laterally

95
Q

connective tissue

A
  1. osseous
  2. cartilage
  3. fibrous connective tissue, tendons, ligaments, periosteum, perichondrium
96
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A 
support
protection
movement
mineral storage(calcium and phosphorus)
blood cell production
97
Q

Bone markings

A

-structured features of bones that have been adapted for specific function

98
Q

Bone marking: projections

A

head: enlarged rounded head of a bone, supported on a narrow portion of the bone
ex. head of the femur

process-large prominent projection of a bone ex the olecranion process(elbow)

crest-prominent ridge or border to which tendons and ligaments attach
ex. illiac crest

spine: sharp projection from the surface of the bone
ex. spine of the scapula

condyle: large rounded process(projection)
for articuation joints
ex the lateral condyle of the femur

99
Q

Bone marking: Depression or Holes

A

foramen: opening through blood vessels nerves or ligaments pass
ex. foramen magnum

sinus: air filled cavity within a bone sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity
ex. para nasal sinuses around the nose

Fossa: depression in or on a bone
ex. glenoid fossa- socket in which bone in shoulder joint

Meatus: tube like passageway running within a bone
ex. external auditory meatus

100
Q

Long bone(column shaped)

A

bones of arm legs feet

101
Q

Short bone(cubed shaped)

A

bones of wrist and ankle

102
Q

flat bone(thin flat curved)

A

ribs,shoulder blade,hip bones, cranial bones

103
Q

irregular bones

A

facial bones and vertebra

VEEB (25 decks)

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