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VEEB > Prenatal Development(HD) > Flashcards

Prenatal Development(HD) Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis

A
  • cell division
  • one step process-mutiply then divide
  • somatic cells divide producing exact copies of themselves
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2
Q

Meiosis

A
  • cell division
  • 2 step process-multiply,divide,divide
  • meiosis creates gametes(sperm and eggs)
  • meiosis ensures variability in off springs
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3
Q

Gametogenesis

A
  • process in which cells divide by meiosis to form gametes
  • oogenesis-results in one oocyte(ovum)
  • spermatogenesis-occurs in testes results in sperm
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4
Q

Fertilization

A
  • occurs in the outer third portion of the fallopian tube
  • high estrogen levels increase peristalsis
  • membrane cellular change
  • zygote w/ 46 chromosomes
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5
Q

Sex Determination

A
  • occurs at fertilization
  • all oocytes have xchromosome
  • sperm are carrying either an x or y chromosome
  • sperm and oocyte have 23 chromosome-haploid number
  • zygote has 46 chromosomes-diploid number
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6
Q

Fetal Development

A

Zygote(pre-embryonic)-first 2 weeks, fertilization,cell reproduction, implantation

Embyo(2-8weeks)-embryo is nourished and develops

Fetus(9th week-birth)-approx. 38-40weeks, growth and development

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7
Q

Tubal Transport of the Zygote

A
  • Fertilzation in upper third of Fallopian Tube
  • cells divide quickly 2-4-16(approx 3days) morula
  • 32(5-7days) blastsyst
  • Blastocyct implants into the thickened endometrium
  • Trophoblast develops within 35 days and becomes embryo
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8
Q

Implantation of the Zygote

A
  • Blastocyct imbeds into endometrium 5-6 days after fertilization
  • blastocyst secrets HCG-Human Chorionc Gonadotropin
  • villi on outer layer lets HCG into endometrium
  • HCG signals the corpus luteum
  • takes 2 weesk to complete
  • endometrium is not the decidua
  • structures will form
  • gestation 280 days or 10 lunar months or 38-42 weeks
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9
Q

cell differentiation(embryo)

A

occurs after implantation

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10
Q

chorion(embryo)

A

outermost layer

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11
Q

villi(embryo)

A

fingerlike projection

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12
Q

amnion(embryo)

A

innner layer-cells secrete fluid

  • maintain temp
  • symmetrical growth
  • movement,shock absorber
  • prevents skin from sticking to amnion
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13
Q

germ layers

A

give rise to specific tissues and organs

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14
Q

endoderm

A

respiratory system

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15
Q

mesoderm

A

circulatiory system(Heart Beat heard at 5th week)

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16
Q

Ectoderm

A

skin, yolk sac-forms RBCs for first 6weeks

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17
Q

Placenta

A
  • temporary organ
  • 12 weeks to fully development
  • nutrients to fetus
  • waste to mom for excretion
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18
Q

Placental Transfer

A
  • limited protection
  • drugs can pass through
  • A=do not cross placenta
  • B=crosses w/o side effects
  • C=crosses placenta membrane not sure of effect
  • X=cannot be given
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19
Q

Placenta Metabolism

A
  • capable of metabolism

- produces fatty acids,glycogen,cholesterol

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20
Q

Placenta Hormones

A

progesterone:

  • maintains uterine lining
  • reduce uterine contractions
  • prepares alveolar glands

Estrogen:

  • stimulates uterine growth
  • increases blood flow to uterus
  • stimulates lactiferous development

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin(HCG):

  • signals corpus lutem to continue to secrete progesterone
  • regulates sterioid production in fetus

Human Placental Lactogen(HPL)

  • helps mom to increase glucose production in first trimester
  • helps with breast development
  • increases resistance to insulin
  • HPL should decrease in second trimester, if it doesnt gestional diabetes will occur
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21
Q

Umbilical cord

A
  • connecting link btw mother and fetus
  • mom and fetus do not have blood
  • 12-36inches, 1-3ft long
  • 2 umbilical arteries(carries waste to mother)
  • 1 umbilical vein(carries oxygen and nutrients to fetus)
  • surrounded by whartons jelly-white gelatinous connective tissue
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22
Q

(Fetal Heart Rate: Development of the Embryo/Fetus:)

A
  • Fetal Heart Rate:
  • 5weeks=hb on sonogram
  • 12weeks=hb w/ doppler
  • 20weeks=hb w/ fetoscope
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23
Q

Movement of Embryo/Fetus

A

quickening at 20weeks

24
Q

Recognition of gender

A

16 weeks=gender determination

25
Q

age of viability

A

20 weeks(5months) =age of viability

26
Q

vernix caseosa

A

thick cheesy substance that covers baby and protects the skin

27
Q

goals for prenatal care

A
  • protect and promote health and well being of the mother
  • safeguard health and well being of the unborn infant
  • avoid teratogens
  • plan for a safe delivery
28
Q

Prenatal visits

A
  • conception to 28weeks=every 4 weeks
  • 29-36weeks=every 2 weeks
  • 37weeks-delivery=weekly
29
Q

Ultrasonography

A
  • can detect fetal movement
  • identification of embryo or fetus
  • gestational sac as early as 4-5 weeks
30
Q

Amniocentesis

A
  • early as 14weeks
  • ultrasound
  • 10-20ml
  • diagnosis=sex,fetal status,genetic problems
31
Q

Presemptive signs of pregnancy

A
  • Amennorrhea-absence of menstruation
  • Breast changes
  • urinary frequency
  • changes in shape of abdomen
  • Linea Nigra-skin discolor
  • Chloasma-skin discolor
  • quickening
  • nausea and vomitting
32
Q

Probable signs of pregnancy

A
  • enlarged uterus
  • hegars sign: softening of fundus
  • goodwells sign: softening of cerxix
  • Chadwicks sign: blusish discoloration of vagina,cervix,labia due to increase blood flow
  • ballottement:palpatating rebound of fetus
33
Q

Probable signs of pregnancy pregnancy test

A
  • urine for HCG
  • radioimmunoassay(RIA)
  • potential hydatidiform mole or cancer
34
Q

Positive signs of pregnancy

A
  • Fetal Heart Sounds
  • 5 week=sonogram
  • 12week=doppler
  • 20 week=fetoscope
  • uterine souffle
  • funic souffle
  • ultrasound
35
Q

physical reproductive system changes

A

uterus:

  • increase blood supple and size
  • walls stretch and thin

Cervix:

  • shorter and softer
  • mucouse plug

Ovaries:
-continue to secrete estrogen/ovulation ceases

Fallopial tubes:
-no change

Vagina:

  • increased blood supply
  • thicker, increase secretions

Breasts:

  • alveolar glands develo
  • darker areola
36
Q

sysyemic changes during pregnancy

A

resp:

  • diaphragm up
  • increase respirations

Cardio:

  • hr up and left
  • increase blood volume and co/ decrease hct

Gi:

  • n/v/ ptyalism(increase salvation)
  • softer gums
  • hemorrhoids

Urinary:

  • glycosuria
  • proteinuria
  • frequency

Integ:

  • Linea Nigra
  • Striae gravidarum(stretch marks)
  • cholasma

skeletal:
-lordosis

37
Q

Nageles Rule

A
  • Estimated Date of Delivery(EDD)
  • identify first day of menstrual period
  • count back 3months
  • add 7days
  • only an estimate
  • ultrasound evaluation
38
Q

Obstetrical History= 2 digit method

A

Gravida: number of pregnancies
null=never before
primi=first pregnancy
multi=more than 1

Para: number of pregnancies that have gone past 24weeks(age of viability) whether infant was dead or alive

39
Q

Obstetrical History= 5 digit method=GTPAL

A 
G= number of pregnancies
T= number of completed term pregnancies
P=number of pre-term pregnancy
A=number of abortions
L=number of living children
40
Q

First Prenatal Visit

A
  • comprehensive history
  • physical asses
  • VS,Ht,Wt
  • Fetal Heart Rate
  • Fundal Height
  • Pelvimetry
  • Breast Exam

Psychosocial assesment

  • support system
  • emotional status
  • economics
  • cultrual preferences

Lab Test

  • cbc,blood type
  • Rh factor- if mom and dad negative no problem
  • if mom - and baby + potential problems
  • U/A, TB test
  • test done later in pregnancy
  • TORCH screen, triple screening, spina bifida, trisomy 21,mental retardation
41
Q

weigh gain recommended

A

25-35lbs=for mom of normal weight
28-40lbs= for underweight mom
15-25lb= for overweight

Trimesters

  • 1st-maternal tissue
  • 2nd-maternal and fetal tissue
  • 3rd-fetal tissue
42
Q

Nutrition

A
  • 2500 calories/day
  • (more for teenage mom)
  • increase fluids-8-10 glasses/day
  • protein=60g/day
  • calcium=1200mg/day
  • iron=30mg/day
  • vitamins(+prenatal vitamins)
  • C=70mg
  • A=800mg
  • D=10mg
  • Folic Acid=400mcg
  • limit fats/sodium preservatives/caffeine
  • consider dietary restrictions
  • DM/HTN/Lactose intolerance/Celiac disorder
  • culture
43
Q

Foods to avoid

A
  • solid white tuna
  • shark, swordfish,tilefish
  • deli meats
  • raw fish
  • soft scrambled eggs
  • caffeine
  • exercise=should be done in moderation
  • can maintain non-pregnant activity
44
Q

Patient education

A
  • needs are assessed by health care team and individualized plan developed
  • should include:
  • travel restrictions
  • activity level
  • nutrition/exercise
  • consider age of mom very young/advanced age

birth plan

  • type of delivery
  • setting
  • partners role
  • infant care classes
45
Q

Reportable symptoms

A
  • vaginal bleeding
  • leaking of fluids
  • unusual cramps
  • unusual abdominal pain
  • persistent N/V
  • blurred vision
  • persistant headache
  • marked swelling of feet or hands
  • pain or burning on urination
  • fever/chills
  • decreased fetal movement
46
Q

Common discomforts(First trimester)

A 
nausea
-dry toast or cracker
-drink fluids between meals not with meals
-no fried food
Vaginal discharge:
-no douche
-bathe daily
-cotton underwear
Fatigue
-naps,try for good night sleep
Nasal Stuffiness
-Fluid
Breast enlargement
-support bra
47
Q

Common discomfort(second trimester)

A 
backache:
-good shoes. proper lifting technique
-knee chest position
constipation:
-increase fluids and roughage
varicose veins:
-elevate legs
-support stockings
-avoid standing and sitting for long periods
48
Q

Common discomfort(third trimester)

A 
Hemorrhoids
-sitz bath; avoid constipation
Heart Burn:
-small meals,sit up after meals
Dyspnea
-sleep with pillows
Leg cramps
-diet, exercise
Edema of legs
-elevate legs, watch Na intake
Mood Swings
-emotional support
49
Q

EDD,EDC

A
  • estimated date of delivery

- estimated date of confinement

50
Q

Quickening

A

-first movements of the fetus felt in the uterus(18-20wek)

51
Q

Ballotment

A

palpation technique used in detecting or examining a floating object- rebound of the fetus or a fetal part when dislpaced by a light tap of the examining finger thru the vagina

52
Q

Striae

A

shiny reddish lines as a result of stretching of the skin

53
Q

RIA

A

radioimmunoassay

54
Q

Chloasma Gravidarum

A

brownish pigmentation of the face occuring in pregnancy

55
Q

Uterine Souffle

A

soft, blowing sound heard over the uterus during asesculation caused by blood entering diated uterine arteries

56
Q

Lighteining

A

sensation of decreases abdominal distention produced by the descent of the fetus and uterus into the pelvic cavity

VEEB (25 decks)

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