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A&P II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Organs it consists of

A

The kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

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2
Q

Function

A

Maintains homeostasis by m managing the volume and composition of fluid reservoirs, primary blood

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3
Q

Kidney functions

A 
Regulation of blood ionic composition Na+, K+ and CI-
Regulation of blood pH  H+, HCO-3
Regulation of blood volume. H2O
Regulation of blood pressure
Production of hormones
Regulation of blood glucose level
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4
Q

Internal renal anatomy

A 
Renal cortex ( Outer Lauer )
Renal Medulla ( Inner region )
Renal Pyramids 
Renal Columns 
Papillary ducts ( empty urine into calyces )
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5
Q

Blood and Nerve supply to Kidney

A

Blood Supply: They receive 20-25% of resting cardiac output
Nerve Supply: Renal nerves primarily carry sympathetic outflow
Regulate blood flow through the kidneys

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6
Q

The Nephron

A

Renal Corpuscle filters the blood plasma

Renal tubule modifies the filtrate

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7
Q

Renal Corpuscle parts

A
  1. Glomerulus is the mass of capillaries

2. Bowman’s capsule has a visceral layer of podocytes which wrap around the capillaries

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8
Q

filter blood

A

Plasma goes in afferent arteriol e
blood cells and protien stays in
Remaining stuff gets filtered out
and down the proximal convoluted tubule

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9
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

The glomeruli endothelial cells have large pores and are leaky. ( pink cells surrounding afferent arteriole )
Basal Lamina lies between the endothelium and podocytes
Podocytes form pedicels between are the filtration slits

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10
Q

Filtration in renal tubule

A

passes from glomerulus into bowman and into renal tubules, proximal covulated tubule
nephron loop, deascednig and ascending
Then becomes the distal convoluted tubule and then the collecting duct

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11
Q

The juxtaglomerular

A

Ascending loop contacts the afferent arteriole at the macula dense
Wall of the arteriole contains smooth muscle cells
The apparatus regulates blood pressure in the kidney in conjunction with the ANS

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12
Q

The distal; collecting tubule and collecting duct

A

Principal cells: Receptors for ADH and aldosterone ( In Distal convoluted tubules )
Allows water to be reabsorbed into the body from kidney tubules, found in distant convoluted tubules, collecting duct and in proximal
Intercalated Cells: Help to manage blood pH
by excreting hydrogen or bicarbonate

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13
Q

Two kinds of nephrons

A

Cortical and Juxtamedullary nephrons

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14
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Long nephron loops deep in Medulla
Receive blood from pertubular capillaries and vasa recta
Ascending limb has thick and thin regions
Enable kidneys to secrete very concentrated urine

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15
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

80-85% of nephrons
Renal corpuscle In outer of cortex
Short loops of Helene extend only into outer region of medulla
Create urine with osmolarity similar to blood

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16
Q

Urine formation

A

3 stpes
Glomerular filtration : Fluid comes out of glomerulus into proximal convoluted tubule
Tubular reabsorption: Blood reabsorbed materials from kidney tubules, most of filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood
Tubular secretion: Occurs primarily in the ladder end of tubules, takes material from blood and dumps it into renal tubules mostly by active transport
Excretion = glomerular filtration + secretion - reabsorption

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17
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

Driven by blood pressure
Opposed by capsular hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

water and small molecules move out of glamorous
In one day 150-180 liters of water pass out into the glomerular capsule

18
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys each minute

averages 105- 125 mL/min

If GFR is too high substances pass too quickly and are not reabsorbed
If GFR too low all reabsorbed and some waste products not adequately excreted
Controlled by:
Renal Autoregulation
Neural Regulation
Hormonal Regulation

19
Q

Renal Autoregulation

A

Consists of smooth muscle cells in the afferent arterioles contracting when blood pressure is too high
= expand and contract and less blood passes into glomerulus
Tubuloglomerular feedback then occurs
High rate of filtration diminished reabsorption. So the macula densa senses too much material and releases nitric oxide and the arterioles constrict

20
Q

Neural Regulation

A

Kidneys are richly supplied by sympathetic fibers

Strong stimulation makes afferent arterioles constrict and urine output id reduced

21
Q

Hormonal Regulation

A

Angiotensin II: constricts afferents and efferents, diminishing GFR
Atrial Natriuretic peptide : increases GFR and increases urinary output
ANP is secreted in response to stretch of the cardiac atria

22
Q

Tubular reabsorption & Secretion

A

Much of filtrate is reabsorbed. H2o,glucose,amino acids, and ions (mostly in proximal convulated tubule )
Secretion: Helps manage pH and rid the body of toxic and foreign substances

23
Q

Reabsorption routes

A

Paracellular reabsorption: Passive fluid leakage between cells
Transcellular reabsorption: Directly through the tubule cells

24
Q

Water reabsorption

A

90% is obligatory : water follows the solutes that are reabsorbed
10% is facultative water reabsorption

25
Q

Reabsorption and Secretion in Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Na+ and Glucose being reabsorbed
Exchange between sodium and hydrogen
Chanel that is permeable to water
In distal and collecting duct: similar aquaporin

26
Q

Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle

A

Relativley impermeable to water, especially the ascending limb
Very little water reabsorption
Movment of ions Na+, K-

27
Q

Reabsorption in early Distal CT

A

Parathyroid hormones stimulating reabsorbing of calcium
Continue to reabsorb Sodium and Chloride
Exchange phosphate for calcium

28
Q

Late DCT and collecting duct

A

going to have principal cells, stimulated by antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone
Intercalated cells will be involved in ph reabsorption

29
Q

Urine production

A

Fluid intake is highly variable
to maintain fluid volumes and blood volumes, do this through aldosterone and ADH, which regulates how much water is in our urine and in blood.
High intake- dilute urine of high volume
low intake-concentrated urine of low volume

30
Q

Formation of dilute urine

A

glomerular filtrate and blood has 300m ism/mL

osmolarity in kidney tubules changed due to concentration gradient in medulla

31
Q

Dilute urine formed

A

Osmolatiry in tubule increases in descending limb and decreases in ascending limb and decreases more in collecting duct
Actively pump ions
Water stays in tubule as solutes leave

32
Q

Formation of Concentrated urine

A

Solutes pumped out of ascending limb, stays in tubule
Medulla osmolarity is increased
Presence of ADH makes collecting ducts permeable to water

33
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

maintenance of medulla concentration gradient

34
Q

Evaluation of kidney function

A

evaluates for presence of abnormalities:
Albium: if so=infection in kidney
Glucose. if so= possibly diabetic
Red blood cells. if so= glomerulus is broken down due to infection
ketone bodies. if so=only should be a trace
Microbes. if so=

35
Q

Urine transportation and storage

A

ureter to renal
hydrostatic oressure and gravity
urine goes down to bladder
once bladder fills, it expands and shuts down to prevent back flow

36
Q

Bladder

A

Muscle that contracts when you urinate is the DETRUSER MUSCLE

Bladder is generally under influence of parasympathetic system
TRIGONE is between two areas where the utterers come into

37
Q

Micturtion

A

another word for urination
mostly voluntary muscle contractions when you decide to urinate
then involuntary once you make the first push to pee
The bladder stretches and triggers a reflex, we control it when were kids so we don’t pee ourselves

38
Q

Where does filtration happen ?

A

Glomerulus

39
Q

Which cells have microvilli

A

proximal convulated tubules

40
Q

where do you find podocytes

A

Glomerular, renal corpusal

41
Q

Where in the kidney tubules do you have the tubes impermeable to water ?

A

Ascending loop of henle

42
Q

Where does most reabsorption happen ?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

A&P II (14 decks)

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