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A&P II > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the Digestive system

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus.

Associated with the alimentary tract are the following accessory organs: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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2
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract

A

GI
Long tube that is open at both ends for the transit of food during processing
Includes esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum

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3
Q

Accessory structures

A

Not part of the GI tract but they do contribute to food processing
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas

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4
Q

6 processes involved in digestion

A
  1. Ingestion:taking food into the mouth
  2. Secretion:release of water, acid,buffers,and enzymes into lumen of GI
  3. Mixing and propulsion:churning movement of food though GI tract
  4. Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
  5. Absorption: passage of digested products from GI tract into the blood and lymph
  6. Defecation: elimination of feces from GI tract
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5
Q

Layers if the GI tract

A

Inner to utter
Lumen
Mucosa- Epithelium, gland mucosa, lamina propria mucosa associated lymphatic tissue, muscular mucosae
Submucosa- glands of submucosa
Muscularis- circular muscle, submucosal plexus, longitudinal muscle
Nerve
Artery
Serosa- Areolar connective tissue, epithelium

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6
Q

Enteric Nervous system

A

Submucosal plexus

Myenteric plexus

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7
Q

Automatic Nervous system

A

parasympathertic

Sympathetic

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8
Q

Gi Reflex Pathway

A

GI reflex pathways regulates GI secretion and motility in response to stimulate with GI tract

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9
Q

Peritoneum

A

The largest serous membrane in the body

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10
Q

Mouth and parts

A

Formed by the cheeks, hard and soft palates and tongue

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11
Q

Salvary glands

A 
Lie outside the mouth and empty their contents into ducts which deliver saliva into the oral cavity
3 pairs:
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
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12
Q

Tongue

A

Forms the floor of the oral cavity
Composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane
participates in chewing, swallowing and speech
Upper and lateral surface covered with papillae, some of which contain taste buds

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13
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Chewing mixes food with saliva and forms a bolus which can be easily swallowed

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14
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Salvary amylase converts polysaccharides to disaccharides

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15
Q

Pharynx

A

Funnel shaped tube that extends from the internal nares to the esophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly
Composed of skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane

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16
Q

Esophagus

A

A collapsible, muscular tube that lies posterior to the trachea and connects the pharynx to the stomach

17
Q

Deglutition

A
  1. Relaxed muscular in esophagus, circular muscles contract
  2. Longitudinal muscle contracts, relaxed muscularis
  3. Lower
18
Q

Stomach

A

J shaped enlargement of the GI tract

19
Q

Functions of the stomach

A
  1. Mixes saliva, food and gastric juice to form chyme
  2. Serves as resivoir for food before released into small intestine
  3. Secretes gastric juice, that contain HCI, pepsin, intrinsic factor and gastric lipase
  4. Secretes gastrin into blood
20
Q

Pancrease

A

Glans that lies posterior to the stomach
Produces enzymes that digest carbs,protiesn,fats and nucleic acids
Produces sodium bicarbonate
Empties its contents into the duodenum

21
Q

Liver and Galbladder

A

Liver: makes bile important in the emulsification of fats
Gallbladder: stores bile until it is needed

22
Q

Histology of the liver

A

Composed of hepatocytes, bile canaliculi and hepatic sinusoids

23
Q

Blood supply of the liver

A

Nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood from hepatic portal vein

  1. hepatic sinusoids
  2. Central vein
  3. Hepatic vein
  4. Inferior vena cava
  5. Right atrium of heart
24
Q

Functions of the liver and gallbladder

A 
Carbohydrate,lips and protein metabolism 
Processes drugs and hormones
Excretes bilirubin
Storage
Conducts bile salt synthesis
Vitamin D activation
Phagocytes
25
Q

Small intestine

A

SI

The majority of digestion and absorption occurs here

26
Q

Circular folds in the SI

A

Circular folds increase the surface area for digestion and absorption in the small intestine

27
Q

Intestinal Juice

A

Provides a vehicle for absorption of substances from chyme as they come in contact with the villi

28
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

Found on the surfaces of the microvilli of absorptive cells, breaks down food products

29
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Segmentation: localized contractions
Perstalsis: Propulsive contractions

30
Q

Functions of Large intestine

A
  1. Haustral churning, peristalsis and mass peristalsis drive contents of colon to rectum
  2. Bacteria in large intestine convert proteins to amino acids, breaks down amino acids and produce some B vitamin and vitamin K
  3. absorption of some water, ions, and vitamins
  4. Formation of feces
  5. Defecation
31
Q

Haustral churning

A

Distension reaches a certain point and the walls of the hausfrau contract to squeeze contents onward

32
Q

Mass Peristalsis

A

A strong peristaltic wave that begins in the transverse colon and quickly drives the contents of the colon into the rectum

33
Q

Absorption

A

The colon absorbs water, electrolytes and some vitamins

34
Q

Feces

A

Consists of water, inorganic salts, sloughed off epithelial cells, bacteria, products of bacterial decomposition, and undigested portions of food

35
Q

Defecation reflex

A

Rectal wall distends
Stretch receptors send sensory nerve impulses to the sacral spinal cord
Motor impulses travel back to the descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anus
Longitudinal rectal muscles contract and the internal and sphincter opens

36
Q

Phases of digestion

A

Cephalic phase: stimulates gastric secretion and motility
Gastric phase: neural and hormonal mechanisms
Intestinal phase: neural and hormonal mechanisms

37
Q

Aging and the digestive system

A

Aging results in
decreased secretory mechanisms and motility
loss of strength and tone of digestive muscular tissue
changes in neurosecretory feedback
diminished response to pain and internal sensations

38
Q

Digestive system disorders

A 
Tooth decay
periodontal diseases 
ulcers
diverticula
tumors
hepatitis
anorexia nervosa

A&P II (14 decks)

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