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Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products
  • Regulates homeostasis of all body fluids, ph, body temp. and osmotic pressure
  • Protects from disease and loss of blood by clotting against infections through WBC
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2
Q

Fluids of the body

A

Blood: composed of plasma and variety of cells
transports nutrients and wastes
Interstitial fluid: bathes the cells of the body ( plasma as an example )

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3
Q

Physical characteristics of blood

A

Thicker then water
Temperature is slightly higher than body temp, 100.4 degrees
pH is 7.35-7.45
8% of body weight

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4
Q

Blood pH

A

pH is 7.35-7.45
If its below, acidosis
If its above, alkalosis

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5
Q

Components of blood

A

Plasma: 55%
Buffy coat: WBC &; Platelets
RBS: 45%

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6
Q

45% of blood components

A

99% RBC ( erythrocytes )

1% WBC ( leukocytes )

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7
Q

granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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8
Q

agranular leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

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9
Q

Hematocrit

A

The percentage of blood occupied by cells

Higher in males than females

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10
Q

Anemia

A

Not enough RBC or hemoglobin ( oxygen in blood )

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11
Q

Polycythemia

A

Too many RBC ( over 65% )

Signs: dehydration, blood doping

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12
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Pluripotent stem cell > Myeloid stem cell:
Proerythroblast > Reticulocyte > RBS
Megakaryoblast > Megakaryocyte > Platelets

Pluripotent stem cell > Lymphoid Stem cell:
T lymphoblast > T lymphocyte ( T cell )
B lymphoblast > B lymphocyte ( B cell )
NK lymphoblast > Natural killer cell

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13
Q

Blood Cell survival

A

RBS: 120 days of survival
WBC: Days, weeks or years
Platelets: couple of days

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14
Q

Formation of blood cells

A

Formed from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
Myeloid stem cells give rise to RBCs, platelets, and all WBCs except for lymphocytes.
Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes
Most are continuously replaced
process is called hematopoiesis
@ embryo: Occurs in yolk sac, liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
@ adult: Occurs only in red marrow ( sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis )

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15
Q

Hemopoietic growth factors

A

Erythropoietin :increase # of RBC
Thrombopoietin :increased # of platelets
Cytokines :increases # of WBC

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16
Q

RBC

A

Also known as erythrocytes, contain hemoglobin but no nucleus or mitochondria
Contain 280 million Hb molecules in its cytoplasm
no nucleus has a concave disk
5.2 million per uL
Each contain an iron ion

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17
Q

Hemoglobin

A

300 million hemoglobins in a RBC
Involved in regulating blood flow and blood pressure
One globin protein consists of 4 polypeptide chains
Each chain contain a Heme with an Iron in the middle
They transport 23% of total carbon dioxide

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18
Q

What are RBC

A

Live only 120 days
Cannot synthesize new components
Worn-out cells are removed in spleen and liver
Breakdown products are recycled - globin into amino acids and recycled
and heme into iron or it’s secreted into the urine/feces

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19
Q

What are WBC

A

also known as leukocytes, have a nucleus and no hemoglobin
Can live for days but Lymphocytes can like up to years depending on the type
Two types: Granular or Agranular
Combat invaders by phagocytosis or immune responses

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20
Q

Eosinophils histology

A 
Granular; granulocyte
10-12 um
Granules stain red/orange
Has a nucleus with 2 lobes connected 
2 to 4% of WBC
Increased with allergic reaction and parasitic infection
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21
Q

Neutrophil histology

A 
Granular; granulocyte
10-12 um
Granules are small and light blue/purple
Has a nucleus of 2-5 lobes connected
most numerous WBC
Increases with a bacterial infection, stress, and inflammation
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22
Q

Basophils histology

A

Granular; granulocyte
8-10 um
granules are plentiful, dark blue/purple
Has a nucleus of 2 lobes connected together
less than 1% of WBC
Increased with allergic reaction, cancer, hypothyroidism

23
Q

Lymphocyte histology

A 
Agranular; agranulocyte
6-9 um or 10-14 um
the cytoplasm is sky blue in color
Dark oval/round nucleus
20 to 25% of WBC
Increase with viral infection, leukemia, mononucleosis
24
Q

Monocyte histology

A 
Agranular; agranulocyte
10-12 um, Largest
The nucleus is kidney bean-shaped
the cytoplasm is foamy blue-gray
3-8% of WBC
Serve as APC and are capable of phagocytosis
25
WBC physiology
Less numerous than RBC's | Only 2% of total WBC is in circulating blood
26
Leukocytosis
Protective response to invaders, strenuous exercise, anesthesia and surgery Main function is to combat inflammation and infection
27
Leukopenia
A low white blood cell count | - radiation, shock or chemo
28
Normal WBC
Neutrophils: 60-70% lymphocyte: 20-25% monocyte: 3-8% eosinophil: 2-4% basophil: <1%
29
What is blood?
Blood is the liquid connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid matrix ( plasma )
30
PLASMA
is 55% of blood Inside the plasma is: 1. protien = 7% contain: albumins54%, globulins38%,fibrinogen7% and all others1% 2. Water = 91.5% 3. Other solutes= 1.5% consist of electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances and waste products
31
FORMED ELEMENTS
``` Within the 8% of whole blood in blood, is 45% contains: 1. platletes 150,000-400,000 2. WBC 5,000-10,000: neurtrophils 60-70% Lymphocytes 20-25%, Monocytes 3-8% Eosinophils 2-4% and Basophils 0.5-1.0% 3. red blood cells 4.8-5.4 million ```
32
Albumins
Smallest and most numerous plasma proteins | Help maintain osmotic pressure
33
Globulins
Large portions
34
Erthropoieses
The production of Red Blood Cells
35
Reticulocytes
Immature Red Blood Cells
36
low white blood cell
Side effect of cemotherapy
37
Elevation in WBC
Indicated infection or inflammation
38
High count of each WBC indicates
Neutrophil:bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation Lymphocytes: Viral infection, some leukemias Monocytes: Viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other chronic diseases Eosinophils: Allergic reactions, parasitic infections Basophils: Allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers
39
Homeostasis
Sequence to stop bleeding Process involves Vascular spasm ( smooth muscle in artery contracts ), platelet plug formation ( platelets stick to damaged blood vessel ) and blood clotting
40
Clotting
Involves many clotting factors | -extrinsic pathway, intrinsic pathway and common pathway
41
Extrinsic Pathway
Stimulates by tissue trauma | A lot faster, tissue factos is released and combines with calcium and they form an activated factor 10
42
Intrinsic pathway
Stimulated by damaged endothelial cells exposed collagen fibers A lot slower, designed to be more subtle Collogen fibers sticking out and platelets response become activated and stick to vessel wall and produce phospholipids, that are isolated, and produced activated 12, after thats produced it combines with calcium and phospholipids and you get an activated factor 10
43
Common pathway
Has Prothrombin being broken down to thrombin, which activates factor 13
44
Once the clot forms
It consolidates ( tightens) to pull the edges of the damages vessel together Vitamin K is needed fro normal clot formation, used in the synthesis of 4 clotting factors Any small unwanted clots are dissolved by plasmin
45
Blood groups and types
There are 24 blood groups and more then 100 antigens Blood types vary among different populations bc the antigens are genetically controlled Classification is based on antigens Labeled A, B or AB with O Additional antigen is RH, present in 85% of humans
46
Erthropoiesis
Production of RBC's | Main stimulus is hypoxia
47
WBC emigration
Many leave the bloodstream Roll along endothelium Stick to and then squeeze between endothelial cells
48
WBC's when they leave
Neutrophils: Respond quickly to tissue damage Monocytes: Take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers and destroy more microbes Basophils: Leave capillaries and release granules containing heparin, histamine, and serotonin @ sites of inflammation Eosinophils: Leave capillaries and enter tissue fluid
49
Lymphocytes function
Major soldiers of the immune system contain: B cells: destroy bacteria and inactivating their toxins T cells: attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells and some bacteria NK: attack a wide variety if infectious microbes and certain tumor cells
50
Platlets
Disc shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus Help stop blood lord by forming platelet plug Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals Short life span of 5-9 days
51
Stem cells transplant | Bone Marrow
Recipients blood is replaced entirely takes 2-3 weeks to begin producing enough WBX to fight off infections Used to treat anemia, leukemia and other blood disorders BUT host T cells can reject the transplant or transplant may attack T cells aka, Graft-versus-host disease
52
Stem cells transplant | Cord Blood
Stem cells are obtained from the umbilical cord shortly before birth Easily collected and can be stored indefinitely Less likely for host to attack T cells vise versa
53
ABO blood group
``` Bases on A and B antigens Type A blood only has A antigen Type B blood only has B antigen Type AB blood as antigens ! and B Type O blood has neither ```

A&P II (14 decks)

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