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A&P II > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products
  • Regulates homeostasis of all body fluids, ph, body temp. and osmotic pressure
  • Protects from disease and loss of blood by clotting against infections through WBC
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2
Q

Fluids of the body

A

Blood: composed of plasma and variety of cells
transports nutrients and wastes
Interstitial fluid: bathes the cells of the body ( plasma as an example )

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3
Q

Physical characteristics of blood

A

Thicker then water
Temperature is slightly higher than body temp, 100.4 degrees
pH is 7.35-7.45
8% of body weight

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4
Q

Blood pH

A

pH is 7.35-7.45
If its below, acidosis
If its above, alkalosis

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5
Q

Components of blood

A

Plasma: 55%
Buffy coat: WBC &; Platelets
RBS: 45%

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6
Q

45% of blood components

A

99% RBC ( erythrocytes )

1% WBC ( leukocytes )

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7
Q

granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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8
Q

agranular leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

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9
Q

Hematocrit

A

The percentage of blood occupied by cells

Higher in males than females

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10
Q

Anemia

A

Not enough RBC or hemoglobin ( oxygen in blood )

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11
Q

Polycythemia

A

Too many RBC ( over 65% )

Signs: dehydration, blood doping

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12
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Pluripotent stem cell > Myeloid stem cell:
Proerythroblast > Reticulocyte > RBS
Megakaryoblast > Megakaryocyte > Platelets

Pluripotent stem cell > Lymphoid Stem cell:
T lymphoblast > T lymphocyte ( T cell )
B lymphoblast > B lymphocyte ( B cell )
NK lymphoblast > Natural killer cell

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13
Q

Blood Cell survival

A

RBS: 120 days of survival
WBC: Days, weeks or years
Platelets: couple of days

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14
Q

Formation of blood cells

A

Formed from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
Myeloid stem cells give rise to RBCs, platelets, and all WBCs except for lymphocytes.
Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes
Most are continuously replaced
process is called hematopoiesis
@ embryo: Occurs in yolk sac, liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
@ adult: Occurs only in red marrow ( sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis )

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15
Q

Hemopoietic growth factors

A

Erythropoietin :increase # of RBC
Thrombopoietin :increased # of platelets
Cytokines :increases # of WBC

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16
Q

RBC

A

Also known as erythrocytes, contain hemoglobin but no nucleus or mitochondria
Contain 280 million Hb molecules in its cytoplasm
no nucleus has a concave disk
5.2 million per uL
Each contain an iron ion

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17
Q

Hemoglobin

A

300 million hemoglobins in a RBC
Involved in regulating blood flow and blood pressure
One globin protein consists of 4 polypeptide chains
Each chain contain a Heme with an Iron in the middle
They transport 23% of total carbon dioxide

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18
Q

What are RBC

A

Live only 120 days
Cannot synthesize new components
Worn-out cells are removed in spleen and liver
Breakdown products are recycled - globin into amino acids and recycled
and heme into iron or it’s secreted into the urine/feces

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19
Q

What are WBC

A

also known as leukocytes, have a nucleus and no hemoglobin
Can live for days but Lymphocytes can like up to years depending on the type
Two types: Granular or Agranular
Combat invaders by phagocytosis or immune responses

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20
Q

Eosinophils histology

A 
Granular; granulocyte
10-12 um
Granules stain red/orange
Has a nucleus with 2 lobes connected 
2 to 4% of WBC
Increased with allergic reaction and parasitic infection
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21
Q

Neutrophil histology

A 
Granular; granulocyte
10-12 um
Granules are small and light blue/purple
Has a nucleus of 2-5 lobes connected
most numerous WBC
Increases with a bacterial infection, stress, and inflammation
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22
Q

Basophils histology

A

Granular; granulocyte
8-10 um
granules are plentiful, dark blue/purple
Has a nucleus of 2 lobes connected together
less than 1% of WBC
Increased with allergic reaction, cancer, hypothyroidism

23
Q

Lymphocyte histology

A 
Agranular; agranulocyte
6-9 um or 10-14 um
the cytoplasm is sky blue in color
Dark oval/round nucleus
20 to 25% of WBC
Increase with viral infection, leukemia, mononucleosis
24
Q

Monocyte histology

A 
Agranular; agranulocyte
10-12 um, Largest
The nucleus is kidney bean-shaped
the cytoplasm is foamy blue-gray
3-8% of WBC
Serve as APC and are capable of phagocytosis
25
Q

WBC physiology

A

Less numerous than RBC’s

Only 2% of total WBC is in circulating blood

26
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Protective response to invaders, strenuous exercise, anesthesia and surgery
Main function is to combat inflammation and infection

27
Q

Leukopenia

A

A low white blood cell count

- radiation, shock or chemo

28
Q

Normal WBC

A

Neutrophils: 60-70%

lymphocyte: 20-25%
monocyte: 3-8%
eosinophil: 2-4%
basophil: <1%

29
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is the liquid connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid matrix ( plasma )

30
Q

PLASMA

A

is 55% of blood
Inside the plasma is:
1. protien = 7% contain: albumins54%, globulins38%,fibrinogen7% and all others1%
2. Water = 91.5%
3. Other solutes= 1.5% consist of electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances and waste products

31
Q

FORMED ELEMENTS

A 
Within the 8% of whole blood in blood, is 45%
contains:
1. platletes 150,000-400,000
2. WBC 5,000-10,000: neurtrophils 60-70%
Lymphocytes 20-25%, Monocytes 3-8%
Eosinophils 2-4% and Basophils 0.5-1.0%
3. red blood cells 4.8-5.4 million
32
Q

Albumins

A

Smallest and most numerous plasma proteins

Help maintain osmotic pressure

33
Q

Globulins

A

Large portions

34
Q

Erthropoieses

A

The production of Red Blood Cells

35
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Immature Red Blood Cells

36
Q

low white blood cell

A

Side effect of cemotherapy

37
Q

Elevation in WBC

A

Indicated infection or inflammation

38
Q

High count of each WBC indicates

A

Neutrophil:bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation
Lymphocytes: Viral infection, some leukemias
Monocytes: Viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other chronic diseases
Eosinophils: Allergic reactions, parasitic infections
Basophils: Allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers

39
Q

Homeostasis

A

Sequence to stop bleeding
Process involves Vascular spasm ( smooth muscle in artery contracts ), platelet plug formation ( platelets stick to damaged blood vessel ) and blood clotting

40
Q

Clotting

A

Involves many clotting factors

-extrinsic pathway, intrinsic pathway and common pathway

41
Q

Extrinsic Pathway

A

Stimulates by tissue trauma

A lot faster, tissue factos is released and combines with calcium and they form an activated factor 10

42
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

Stimulated by damaged endothelial cells exposed collagen fibers
A lot slower, designed to be more subtle
Collogen fibers sticking out and platelets response become activated and stick to vessel wall and produce phospholipids, that are isolated, and produced activated 12,
after thats produced it combines with calcium and phospholipids and you get an activated factor 10

43
Q

Common pathway

A

Has Prothrombin being broken down to thrombin, which activates factor 13

44
Q

Once the clot forms

A

It consolidates ( tightens) to pull the edges of the damages vessel together
Vitamin K is needed fro normal clot formation, used in the synthesis of 4 clotting factors
Any small unwanted clots are dissolved by plasmin

45
Q

Blood groups and types

A

There are 24 blood groups and more then 100 antigens
Blood types vary among different populations bc the antigens are genetically controlled
Classification is based on antigens Labeled A, B or AB with O
Additional antigen is RH, present in 85% of humans

46
Q

Erthropoiesis

A

Production of RBC’s

Main stimulus is hypoxia

47
Q

WBC emigration

A

Many leave the bloodstream
Roll along endothelium
Stick to and then squeeze between endothelial cells

48
Q

WBC’s when they leave

A

Neutrophils: Respond quickly to tissue damage
Monocytes: Take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers and destroy more microbes
Basophils: Leave capillaries and release granules containing heparin, histamine, and serotonin @ sites of inflammation
Eosinophils: Leave capillaries and enter tissue fluid

49
Q

Lymphocytes function

A

Major soldiers of the immune system
contain: B cells: destroy bacteria and inactivating their toxins
T cells: attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells and some bacteria
NK: attack a wide variety if infectious microbes and certain tumor cells

50
Q

Platlets

A

Disc shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus
Help stop blood lord by forming platelet plug
Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals
Short life span of 5-9 days

51
Q

Stem cells transplant

Bone Marrow

A

Recipients blood is replaced entirely
takes 2-3 weeks to begin producing enough WBX to fight off infections
Used to treat anemia, leukemia and other blood disorders
BUT host T cells can reject the transplant or transplant may attack T cells aka, Graft-versus-host disease

52
Q

Stem cells transplant

Cord Blood

A

Stem cells are obtained from the umbilical cord shortly before birth
Easily collected and can be stored indefinitely
Less likely for host to attack T cells vise versa

53
Q

ABO blood group

A 
Bases on A and B antigens
Type A blood only has A antigen
Type B blood only has B antigen
Type AB blood as antigens ! and B
Type O blood has neither

A&P II (14 decks)

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