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A&P II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

The exchange of gasses between the atmosphere, blood and cells

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2
Q

3 processes for respiration to occur

A

Ventilation( breathing )
External ( pulmonary) move gas from blood to lungs
Internal ( tissue) from tissue to blood

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3
Q

Components of respiratory system ( Structurally )

A

2 parts

  • Upper respiratory
  • Lower respiratory
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4
Q

Components of respiratory system

Functionally

A

2 parts

  • conducting: nose all the way to alveli
  • respiratory: exchange of gasses; alveli
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5
Q

Upper Respiratory consists

A

Nose, Pharynx, and associated structures

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6
Q

Lower Respiratory consists

A

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and lungs

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7
Q

Nose external Portion

A

Made up of cartilage and skin is lined with mucous membrane

Bone only located at top then rest of nose is cartilage

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8
Q

Epiglotis

A

Closed when swallowing food and open when breathing or talking

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9
Q

Vocal cords

A

Above the trachea

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10
Q

Valecula

A

Where you insert instrument through trachea to help with breathing etc.

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11
Q

Nose Framework

A

Formed by the frontal, nasal and maxillary bones

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12
Q

Pharynx and regions

A 
Functions as a pathway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds and houses the tonsils which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders
Regions include : 
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx: 
Larynogopharynx
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13
Q

Larynx

A

The voice box

a Passage that connects the pharynx and trachea

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14
Q

Trachea

A

Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi
Consists of cartilage and the esophagus, lined with muscle.
Main muscle is the Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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15
Q

Bronchi

A

Trachea branches onto the right bronchi and the left

The right is straighter then the left that is horizontal

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16
Q

Bronchi branching

A

The primary bronchi divides further to form smaller and smaller branches
Trachea-Main Brochi-Lobar bronchi-Segmental bronchi-Bronchioles-Terminal bronchioles
( will subdivide 21 times before they branch to alveoli)

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17
Q

Lungs

A

Paired organs in the thoracic cavity

Enclosed and protected by the pleural membrane

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18
Q

Right lung

A

Contains Apex. superior lobe, Oblique fissure, Inferior fissure, Horizonatal fissure, middle lobe, hilum and base

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19
Q

Left lung

A

Contains Apex, Superior lobe, oblique fissure, inferior lobe, cardiac notch , Hilum and base

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20
Q

Alveoli

A

“air sacs”
Once the conduction zone ends, the respiratory zone begins
Terminates at the alveoli
Consists of single

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21
Q

Alveolus

A

Two types
Type I: Basic structure, walls
Type II: Cell that produced surfactant, soapy lipid, secretion that prevents walls from sticking together
Avelo Macrophage: antigen cells, phagocytic, presents antigens, clears up gunk that accumulates in lungs ( if your a smoker they’re working 2x harder )

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22
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

Composed of
Layer of type I and type II alveolar cells( constitutes the alveolar wall)
Epithelial basement membrane ( underlies the alveolar wall)
Capillary basement membrane( fused to the epithelial basement membrane)
Capillary endothelium

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23
Q

Blood supply to the lungs

A

Blood enters the lungs via the pulmonary arteries( pulmonary circulation) and bronchial arteries(systemic circulation)
Blood exists the lungs via the pulmonary veins and the bronchial veins

24
Q

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas
(ammonia)

25
Pulmonary Ventilation
Air flows between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs because of alternating pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles -Inhalation and exhalation
26
Boyle's Law
Pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation | The volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure
27
Muscles of inhalation
Sternocleidomadtoid Scalenes External intercostals Diaphragm
28
Muscles of exhalation
``` Internal intercostals External Obliques Internal obliques Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis ```
29
Diaphragm position during inhalation and exhalation
Moves down, contracts, lung volume expands. (inhalation) After a few seconds, it relaxes and lung volume decreases and pressure increases, resulting in air moving out. (Exhalation)
30
Pressure changes in pulmonary ventilation
3 compartments 1. Outside: atmospheric pressure: 760 mmHG In the lungs: Alveolar pressure: same pressure as outside, 760 mmHG Lower: intrapleural pressure: 756 mmHG 2. Diapgram lowers alveolar pressure is now 758mmHG Intrapleural pressure lowers to 754mmHG 3.Diahram relaxes, volume decreases and alveolar pressure increases to 763mmHG along with intrapleural pressure=756
31
Surface tension
Inwardly directed force in the alveoli which mist be overcome to expand the lungs during each inspiration
32
Elastic recoil
when alveoli decrease in size during expiration (letting air out) this happens after you increase the alveoli and lung tissue by breathing in
33
Compliance
How easily the lungs expand | a little more difficult when your older
34
Eupnea
normal breathing
35
Apnea
stopped breathing
36
Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
37
Tachypnea
fast/ rapid respirations
38
Costal breathing
breathing with lungs in effect, only with ribs
39
Diaphragmatic breathing
dely breathing
40
Ventilation
Movement of air into/out of lungs
41
Valsalva Maneuver
Forced exhalation against a closed rim glottids as may occur during periods of straining while defecating
42
Perfusion
flow of blood in pulmonary capillaries
43
Daltons law
Each gas in a mixture of gasses exerts its own pressure as if no other gasses were present
44
Henry's law
The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient when the temp. remains constant
45
External respiration
Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries | -co2 moves in the opposite direction
46
Internal respiration
Oxygen moves from the systemic capillaries into the tissue | -co2 moves in the opposite direction
47
Gas exchange
Oxygen PAO2=paO2 | Gradient 100-104mm Hg= 40mm Hg
48
Transport of O2 in blood
Oxygen 1. 5% of the O2 is dissolved in the plasma 98. 5 of the O2 is carried by hemoglobin
49
Transport of CO2 in blood
7% of the CO2 is dissolved in the plasma 23% is carried by Hb inside RDC 70% is transported as bicarbonate ions
50
Factors that affect affinity of Hb for O2
``` PO2 pH Temperature BPG Type of Hb ```
51
aging and the respiratory system
Decreased vital capacity, blood O2 level, Alveolar macrophage activity and ciliary action of respiratory epithelia Thats why elderly people are more susceptible to pneumonia, bronchitis and other issues
52
Hypercapnia
Increase in PCO2 | Stimulates central chemoreceptors
53
Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level | Caused by low PO2 in arterial blood due to high altitude, airway obstruction or fluid in the lungs
54
Dorsal respiratory groups | During normal quiet breathing
Primary signal fires and disgraphm contract, moves down and inspiration occurs Then dorsal group quiets down and recoil of lungs occurs, exhalation
55
Dorsal respiratory groups | During forceful breathing
signals ventral respiratory group and they simulates accessory muscles and stimulates rate at which one breathes Ventral respiratory group is active when your active
56
cortical influences
allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water
57
Chemoreceptor
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor levels of O2 and CO2 and provide input to the respiratory center

A&P II (14 decks)

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