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A&P II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

The exchange of gasses between the atmosphere, blood and cells

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2
Q

3 processes for respiration to occur

A

Ventilation( breathing )
External ( pulmonary) move gas from blood to lungs
Internal ( tissue) from tissue to blood

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3
Q

Components of respiratory system ( Structurally )

A

2 parts

  • Upper respiratory
  • Lower respiratory
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4
Q

Components of respiratory system

Functionally

A

2 parts

  • conducting: nose all the way to alveli
  • respiratory: exchange of gasses; alveli
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5
Q

Upper Respiratory consists

A

Nose, Pharynx, and associated structures

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6
Q

Lower Respiratory consists

A

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and lungs

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7
Q

Nose external Portion

A

Made up of cartilage and skin is lined with mucous membrane

Bone only located at top then rest of nose is cartilage

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8
Q

Epiglotis

A

Closed when swallowing food and open when breathing or talking

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9
Q

Vocal cords

A

Above the trachea

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10
Q

Valecula

A

Where you insert instrument through trachea to help with breathing etc.

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11
Q

Nose Framework

A

Formed by the frontal, nasal and maxillary bones

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12
Q

Pharynx and regions

A 
Functions as a pathway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds and houses the tonsils which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders
Regions include : 
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx: 
Larynogopharynx
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13
Q

Larynx

A

The voice box

a Passage that connects the pharynx and trachea

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14
Q

Trachea

A

Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi
Consists of cartilage and the esophagus, lined with muscle.
Main muscle is the Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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15
Q

Bronchi

A

Trachea branches onto the right bronchi and the left

The right is straighter then the left that is horizontal

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16
Q

Bronchi branching

A

The primary bronchi divides further to form smaller and smaller branches
Trachea-Main Brochi-Lobar bronchi-Segmental bronchi-Bronchioles-Terminal bronchioles
( will subdivide 21 times before they branch to alveoli)

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17
Q

Lungs

A

Paired organs in the thoracic cavity

Enclosed and protected by the pleural membrane

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18
Q

Right lung

A

Contains Apex. superior lobe, Oblique fissure, Inferior fissure, Horizonatal fissure, middle lobe, hilum and base

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19
Q

Left lung

A

Contains Apex, Superior lobe, oblique fissure, inferior lobe, cardiac notch , Hilum and base

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20
Q

Alveoli

A

“air sacs”
Once the conduction zone ends, the respiratory zone begins
Terminates at the alveoli
Consists of single

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21
Q

Alveolus

A

Two types
Type I: Basic structure, walls
Type II: Cell that produced surfactant, soapy lipid, secretion that prevents walls from sticking together
Avelo Macrophage: antigen cells, phagocytic, presents antigens, clears up gunk that accumulates in lungs ( if your a smoker they’re working 2x harder )

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22
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

Composed of
Layer of type I and type II alveolar cells( constitutes the alveolar wall)
Epithelial basement membrane ( underlies the alveolar wall)
Capillary basement membrane( fused to the epithelial basement membrane)
Capillary endothelium

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23
Q

Blood supply to the lungs

A

Blood enters the lungs via the pulmonary arteries( pulmonary circulation) and bronchial arteries(systemic circulation)
Blood exists the lungs via the pulmonary veins and the bronchial veins

24
Q

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas
(ammonia)

25
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Air flows between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs because of alternating pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles
-Inhalation and exhalation

26
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation

The volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure

27
Q

Muscles of inhalation

A

Sternocleidomadtoid
Scalenes
External intercostals
Diaphragm

28
Q

Muscles of exhalation

A 
Internal intercostals
External Obliques
Internal obliques
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
29
Q

Diaphragm position during inhalation and exhalation

A

Moves down, contracts, lung volume expands. (inhalation)
After a few seconds, it relaxes and lung volume decreases and pressure increases, resulting in air moving out. (Exhalation)

30
Q

Pressure changes in pulmonary ventilation

A

3 compartments

  1. Outside: atmospheric pressure: 760 mmHG
    In the lungs: Alveolar pressure: same pressure as outside, 760 mmHG
    Lower: intrapleural pressure: 756 mmHG
  2. Diapgram lowers alveolar pressure is now 758mmHG
    Intrapleural pressure lowers to 754mmHG

3.Diahram relaxes, volume decreases and alveolar pressure increases to 763mmHG along with intrapleural pressure=756

31
Q

Surface tension

A

Inwardly directed force in the alveoli which mist be overcome to expand the lungs during each inspiration

32
Q

Elastic recoil

A

when alveoli decrease in size during expiration (letting air out)
this happens after you increase the alveoli and lung tissue by breathing in

33
Q

Compliance

A

How easily the lungs expand

a little more difficult when your older

34
Q

Eupnea

A

normal breathing

35
Q

Apnea

A

stopped breathing

36
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

37
Q

Tachypnea

A

fast/ rapid respirations

38
Q

Costal breathing

A

breathing with lungs in effect, only with ribs

39
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing

A

dely breathing

40
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air into/out of lungs

41
Q

Valsalva Maneuver

A

Forced exhalation against a closed rim glottids as may occur during periods of straining while defecating

42
Q

Perfusion

A

flow of blood in pulmonary capillaries

43
Q

Daltons law

A

Each gas in a mixture of gasses exerts its own pressure as if no other gasses were present

44
Q

Henry’s law

A

The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient when the temp. remains constant

45
Q

External respiration

A

Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries

-co2 moves in the opposite direction

46
Q

Internal respiration

A

Oxygen moves from the systemic capillaries into the tissue

-co2 moves in the opposite direction

47
Q

Gas exchange

A

Oxygen PAO2=paO2

Gradient 100-104mm Hg= 40mm Hg

48
Q

Transport of O2 in blood

A

Oxygen

  1. 5% of the O2 is dissolved in the plasma
  2. 5 of the O2 is carried by hemoglobin
49
Q

Transport of CO2 in blood

A

7% of the CO2 is dissolved in the plasma
23% is carried by Hb inside RDC
70% is transported as bicarbonate ions

50
Q

Factors that affect affinity of Hb for O2

A 
PO2
pH
Temperature
BPG
Type of Hb
51
Q

aging and the respiratory system

A

Decreased vital capacity, blood O2 level, Alveolar macrophage activity and ciliary action of respiratory epithelia
Thats why elderly people are more susceptible to pneumonia, bronchitis and other issues

52
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Increase in PCO2

Stimulates central chemoreceptors

53
Q

Hypoxia

A

Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

Caused by low PO2 in arterial blood due to high altitude, airway obstruction or fluid in the lungs

54
Q

Dorsal respiratory groups

During normal quiet breathing

A

Primary signal
fires and disgraphm contract, moves down and inspiration occurs
Then dorsal group quiets down and recoil of lungs occurs, exhalation

55
Q

Dorsal respiratory groups

During forceful breathing

A

signals ventral respiratory group and they simulates accessory muscles and stimulates rate at which one breathes
Ventral respiratory group is active when your active

56
Q

cortical influences

A

allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water

57
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor levels of O2 and CO2 and provide input to the respiratory center

A&P II (14 decks)

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