Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiration
The exchange of gasses between the atmosphere, blood and cells
3 processes for respiration to occur
Ventilation( breathing )
External ( pulmonary) move gas from blood to lungs
Internal ( tissue) from tissue to blood
Components of respiratory system ( Structurally )
2 parts
- Upper respiratory
- Lower respiratory
Components of respiratory system
Functionally
2 parts
- conducting: nose all the way to alveli
- respiratory: exchange of gasses; alveli
Upper Respiratory consists
Nose, Pharynx, and associated structures
Lower Respiratory consists
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and lungs
Nose external Portion
Made up of cartilage and skin is lined with mucous membrane
Bone only located at top then rest of nose is cartilage
Epiglotis
Closed when swallowing food and open when breathing or talking
Vocal cords
Above the trachea
Valecula
Where you insert instrument through trachea to help with breathing etc.
Nose Framework
Formed by the frontal, nasal and maxillary bones
Pharynx and regions
Functions as a pathway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds and houses the tonsils which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders Regions include : Nasopharynx Oropharynx: Larynogopharynx
Larynx
The voice box
a Passage that connects the pharynx and trachea
Trachea
Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi
Consists of cartilage and the esophagus, lined with muscle.
Main muscle is the Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Bronchi
Trachea branches onto the right bronchi and the left
The right is straighter then the left that is horizontal
Bronchi branching
The primary bronchi divides further to form smaller and smaller branches
Trachea-Main Brochi-Lobar bronchi-Segmental bronchi-Bronchioles-Terminal bronchioles
( will subdivide 21 times before they branch to alveoli)
Lungs
Paired organs in the thoracic cavity
Enclosed and protected by the pleural membrane
Right lung
Contains Apex. superior lobe, Oblique fissure, Inferior fissure, Horizonatal fissure, middle lobe, hilum and base
Left lung
Contains Apex, Superior lobe, oblique fissure, inferior lobe, cardiac notch , Hilum and base
Alveoli
“air sacs”
Once the conduction zone ends, the respiratory zone begins
Terminates at the alveoli
Consists of single
Alveolus
Two types
Type I: Basic structure, walls
Type II: Cell that produced surfactant, soapy lipid, secretion that prevents walls from sticking together
Avelo Macrophage: antigen cells, phagocytic, presents antigens, clears up gunk that accumulates in lungs ( if your a smoker they’re working 2x harder )
Respiratory Membrane
Composed of
Layer of type I and type II alveolar cells( constitutes the alveolar wall)
Epithelial basement membrane ( underlies the alveolar wall)
Capillary basement membrane( fused to the epithelial basement membrane)
Capillary endothelium
Blood supply to the lungs
Blood enters the lungs via the pulmonary arteries( pulmonary circulation) and bronchial arteries(systemic circulation)
Blood exists the lungs via the pulmonary veins and the bronchial veins
Ventilation-perfusion coupling
Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas
(ammonia)
Pulmonary Ventilation
Air flows between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs because of alternating pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles
-Inhalation and exhalation
Boyle’s Law
Pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation
The volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure
Muscles of inhalation
Sternocleidomadtoid
Scalenes
External intercostals
Diaphragm
Muscles of exhalation
Internal intercostals External Obliques Internal obliques Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis
Diaphragm position during inhalation and exhalation
Moves down, contracts, lung volume expands. (inhalation)
After a few seconds, it relaxes and lung volume decreases and pressure increases, resulting in air moving out. (Exhalation)
Pressure changes in pulmonary ventilation
3 compartments
- Outside: atmospheric pressure: 760 mmHG
In the lungs: Alveolar pressure: same pressure as outside, 760 mmHG
Lower: intrapleural pressure: 756 mmHG - Diapgram lowers alveolar pressure is now 758mmHG
Intrapleural pressure lowers to 754mmHG
3.Diahram relaxes, volume decreases and alveolar pressure increases to 763mmHG along with intrapleural pressure=756
Surface tension
Inwardly directed force in the alveoli which mist be overcome to expand the lungs during each inspiration
Elastic recoil
when alveoli decrease in size during expiration (letting air out)
this happens after you increase the alveoli and lung tissue by breathing in
Compliance
How easily the lungs expand
a little more difficult when your older
Eupnea
normal breathing
Apnea
stopped breathing
Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
Tachypnea
fast/ rapid respirations
Costal breathing
breathing with lungs in effect, only with ribs
Diaphragmatic breathing
dely breathing
Ventilation
Movement of air into/out of lungs
Valsalva Maneuver
Forced exhalation against a closed rim glottids as may occur during periods of straining while defecating
Perfusion
flow of blood in pulmonary capillaries
Daltons law
Each gas in a mixture of gasses exerts its own pressure as if no other gasses were present
Henry’s law
The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient when the temp. remains constant
External respiration
Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries
-co2 moves in the opposite direction
Internal respiration
Oxygen moves from the systemic capillaries into the tissue
-co2 moves in the opposite direction
Gas exchange
Oxygen PAO2=paO2
Gradient 100-104mm Hg= 40mm Hg
Transport of O2 in blood
Oxygen
- 5% of the O2 is dissolved in the plasma
- 5 of the O2 is carried by hemoglobin
Transport of CO2 in blood
7% of the CO2 is dissolved in the plasma
23% is carried by Hb inside RDC
70% is transported as bicarbonate ions
Factors that affect affinity of Hb for O2
PO2 pH Temperature BPG Type of Hb
aging and the respiratory system
Decreased vital capacity, blood O2 level, Alveolar macrophage activity and ciliary action of respiratory epithelia
Thats why elderly people are more susceptible to pneumonia, bronchitis and other issues
Hypercapnia
Increase in PCO2
Stimulates central chemoreceptors
Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level
Caused by low PO2 in arterial blood due to high altitude, airway obstruction or fluid in the lungs
Dorsal respiratory groups
During normal quiet breathing
Primary signal
fires and disgraphm contract, moves down and inspiration occurs
Then dorsal group quiets down and recoil of lungs occurs, exhalation
Dorsal respiratory groups
During forceful breathing
signals ventral respiratory group and they simulates accessory muscles and stimulates rate at which one breathes
Ventral respiratory group is active when your active
cortical influences
allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water
Chemoreceptor
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor levels of O2 and CO2 and provide input to the respiratory center
