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ANAT1005 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main organs of the urinary system?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Urinary bladder
  4. Urethra
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2
Q

What is the function of the kidneys

A
  • Filter waste products from the bloodstream and convert the filtrate into urine
  • returns needed substances to the blood
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3
Q

What do the ureters do?

A

transport urine from kidney to bladder via peristalsis

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4
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder

A

Storage of urine

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5
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

transports urine from bladder to the outside of the body

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6
Q

What is the renal hilum?

A

Where vessels, nerves and ureters enter and leave the kidney

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7
Q

What are the three things the kidneys regulate?

A
  • blood volume and pressure: filtering role
  • Blood’s inorganic ion balance: sodium, potassium and phosphate ions
  • Erythrocyte production via erythropoietin
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8
Q

How does the kidney maintain an acid-base balance

A

Through changes in the rate of hydrogen and ammonium secretion

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9
Q

What are the four protective coverings of the kidney?

A
  • fibrous capsule
  • Perirenal fat capsule
  • Renal fascia
  • Pararenal fat capsule
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10
Q

What side is the ureter on?

A

On the posterior, medial surface

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11
Q

What does the renal sinus contain?

A

minor/major calices, renal pelvis, renal fat, blood vessels

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12
Q

Where does the kidney receive blood from?

A

Renal artery (branch of abdominal aorta)

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13
Q

How does blood drain from the kidney

A

Drains via veins into renal vein and then the inferior vena cava

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14
Q

What is the flow of blood through the kidney

A

Renal artery -> segmental arteries -> interlobar arteries -> arcuate artery -> cortical radiate artery

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15
Q

What is the pneumonic for the flow of blood through the kidney?

A 
Really
Smart
Instructor
At
Class
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16
Q

How does the blood flow out of the kidney?

A

Cortical radiate vein -> arcurate vein -> interlobar vein -> renal vein

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17
Q

What is the nephron composed of?

A

Renal corpuscle - first part of nephron where filtration occurs
Renal tubule - long tubular secretion of proximal tube, loops of henle, distal tubule and collecting duct

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18
Q

What are the major renal processes of urine formation

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular resorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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19
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

Filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries

20
Q

What is tubular resorption

A

Most nutrients, water and essential ions reclaimed

21
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Active process of removing undesireable molecules

22
Q

What are the 2 parts of the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Glomerulus - tuft of capillares

2. Bowman’s capsule

23
Q

What are the 4 parts of the renal tubule?

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
  4. Collecting duct
24
Q

What occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • entirely in renal cortex
  • reabsorbs ions, nutrients, plasma proteins, vitamins and water
  • filtrate is called tubular fluid
25
Q

What occurs in the loop of henle?

A
  • in the renal medulla

- reabsorption of ions and water

26
Q

What occurs in the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • entirely in renal cortex
  • secretes ions into the tubular fluid and reabsorbs water
  • less active in resorption than proximal
27
Q

What occurs in the collecting duct?

A
  • each received urine from several nephrons

- ducts join to form larger papillary ducts

28
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons

29
Q

What is the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Cortical have short nephron loop compared to a long nephron loop in justamedullary nephrons with contribute to kidneys ability to concentrate urine

30
Q

What are the capillary beds in cortical nephrons?

A

Peritubular capillaries

31
Q

What are the capillary beds in justamedullary nephrons?

A

Vasa recta

32
Q

What are the three layers of the ureters? innermost -> outermost

A
  1. mucosa
  2. muscularis
  3. adventitia
33
Q

What is the mucosa in the ureters?

A
  • transitional epithelium to allow passage of urine
34
Q

How do the ureters enter the bladder and why is this important?

A

Enter on an oblique angle to prevent backflow

35
Q

What is muscularis in the ureter?

A

2 smooth muscle layers: inner longitudinal and outer circular

36
Q

What does the adventitia in the ureter do?

A

areolar connective tissue which anchors the ureter to the posterior abdominal

37
Q

How does the urinary bladder receive blood?

A

By the internal iliac arteries

38
Q

What are the three layers of the urinary bladder?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Thick muscular layer (detrusor)
  3. Fibrous adventitia
39
Q

What paraympathetic axons innervate the bladder?

A
  • come from the micturition reflex centre located in spinal cord segments S2-S4
    STIMULATE URINATION
40
Q

What sympathetic axons innervate the bladder?

A

Come from the T11-L2 segments of the spinal cord

- inhibit innervation

41
Q

Name four structural differences of the female urethra

A
  • 3-5 cm long
  • smooth muscle and inner mucosa layer
  • internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
  • external urethral sphincter (voluntary)
42
Q

What does the internal urethral sphincter do in the female urethra?

A

Keeps urethra closed when urine is not being passed

43
Q

What does the external urethral sphincter do in the female urethra?

A

Inhibits urination until the proper time

44
Q

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

A
  • Prostatic urethra
  • Membranous urethra
  • Spongy urethra
45
Q

What is the important function of the internal urethra sphincter of the male urethra?

A

Prevents the simultaneous passage of sperm and urine through the male urethra

ANAT1005 (10 decks)

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