Mid-semester Exam Flashcards
What are the four major tissue types on the body?
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
Where is epithelium found?
- Epithelium tissue covers the surface of the body, body cavities and internal organs.
- Occurs at the boundary between 2 different environments
What are the functions of epithelium?
- Protection
- Secretion
- Absorption
- Diffusion
- Filtration
- Sensory reception
Where is connective tissue found?
The most diverse and abundant tissue
Characterised by some type of ground substance embedded with protein fibres (the extracellular matrix)
What are the 4 main classes of connective tissue?
- Connective tissue proper - loose and dense connective tissues
- Cartilage - hyaline-, elastic-, and fibro-cartilage
- Bone tissue - compact bone, spongy bone
- Blood
What are the three types of muscle tissue and their functions?
- Cardiac muscle (wall of heart)
- contracts to propel blood through the vessels
- Skeletal muscle (throughout body)
- pull on bones to cause body movement
- Smooth muscle (wall of hollow viscera)
- acts to move substances through digestive, urinary systems and blood vessels
Nervous tissue: where it’s found, cell types, function
- The main component of the nervous system
- 2 cell types: neurons and supporting cells
- Neurons receive and transmit information in the form of electrical signals
- Neuroglia (glial cells) are supporting cells that insulate and protect nerve cells.
List the 7 characteristics of the anatomical position
- Standing upright
- Feet parallel and on the floor
- Toes forward
- Head level and looking forward
- Arms at side of body
- Palms facing anterior and thumbs pointing away from body
- All body segments are considered to be positioned at 0 degrees
What are the two major regions of the body and what do they include
- Axial - head, neck and trunk
2. Appendicular - upper and lower, limbs
Define:
- Lateral
- Unilateral
- Bilateral
- Ipsilateral
- Contralateral
Lateral = side Unilateral = on one side bilateral = on both sides Ipsilateral = on the same side Contralateral = on opposite sides
Name the three planes of the body and how they split the body
Coronal plane: splits the body into anterior and posterior
Sagittal plane: Splits the body into left and right sides
Transverse plane: splits the body superiorly and inferiorly
Name the movements that occur in the sagittal plane (5)
- Flexion
- Extension
- Hyperextension
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantarflexion
Name the movements that occur in the coronal plane (5)
- Abduction
- adduction
- Lateral flexion
- Eversion
- Inversion
Name the movements that occur in the transverse plane (5)
- Axial rotation
- Medial rotation
- Lateral rotation
- Supination
- Pronation
What axis do movements in the sagittal plane occur around?
The coronal axis
What axis do movements in the coronal plane occur around?
The sagittal axis
What axis do movements in the transverse plane occur around?
The longitudinal axis
Name the three movements of the thumb and fingers
Abduction and adduction - all fingers or just thumb
Extension and flexion of the thumb
Opposition - touching the pinkie and thumb
Reposition - moving them back out
Name the two movements of the scapula
Elevation and depression
Protraction and retraction
Name the movement of moving a body part in full rotation
circumduction
What are the mechanical functions of the skeletal system
Mechanics:
- Support
- Movement
- Protection
What are the metabolic functions of the skeletal system
Metabolic:
- Nutrient storage
- Blood cell formation
- Energy metabolism
How many bones are there in the axial and appendicular skeleton, respectively?
Axial - 80 bones
Appendicular - 126 bones
Extracellular matrix - explain the function of hydroxyapatite
- Accounts for roughly 65% (dry weight) of bone tissue
- Stores/contains 99% of the body’s calcium
- Gives bone brittleness (to resist compression)
Extracellular matrix - explain the function of Collagen
Accounts for roughly 33% of bone tissue - organic component
- Gives bone flexibility (to resist stretching and twisting)
What are the three types of bone cells and their functions
Osteoblasts - create bone matrix
Osteocytes - maintain bone matrix
Osteclasts - breakdown bone matrix
Describe a long bone
Shaft with ends e.g. femur, phalanges
Diaphysis: tubular shaft, forms a long axis
Epiphyses: ends of long bones, made of compact bone externally and spongy bone itnernally
Metaphysis: location of epiphyseal plate (growth)
Describe a flat bone
As name suggests e.g. sternum, scapula
Describe a short bone
Square shaped e.g. carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bones
Describe an irregular bone
As name suggest e.g. vertebrae
Name and explain the different layers of bone
Compact bones: dense outer layer (lameller)
Spongy bone: made of small trabeculae
Explain the periosteum and the endosteum
Periosteum: covers outside of compact bone
Endosteum: covers inside portion of compact bone
Describe bone design and stress
- Bones are typically loaded off centre
- This cause one side of the bone to be stretched and one to be compressed
- Tension and compression are greatest of external surfaces (compact bone location)
- T and C cancel out internally (spongy bone location - reduces weight of skeleton)
Describe intramembranous ossification
- formation of bone from connective tiissue
- flat bones of skull, mandible, clavicle
Describe endochondral ossification
- formation of bone from hyaline cartilage
- - other bones of skeleton
Describe the four steps of iintramembranous ossification
- Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
- Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies
- Woven bone and periosteum form
- Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red bone marrow appears.
List the three functional classifications of joints
- synarthrosis (very little movement)
- amphiarthrosis (slight movement)
- diarthrosis (freely moveable)
List the three structural classifications of joints
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
What are the three types of fibrous joints
- Syndesmosis
- suture
- gomphosis
What are the two types of cartligenous joints
- synchondrosis
- symphysis
What are the 6 types of synovial joints
- gliding/plane
- hinge
- pivot
- ellipsoid/condylar
- saddle
- ball and socket
Describe synathrosis and amphiarthrosis and with functional joint classifications they can be
Synarthrosis - no movement
Amphiarthrosis - limited movement
both can be found in either fibrous or cartilaginous joints
Describe diarthrosis and the types of diarthrosis joints
Diarthrosis - free movement
- nonaxial: gliding
- uniaxial: hinge, pivot
- biaxial: ellipsoid, saddle
- triaxial/multiaxial: ball and socket
describe the synovial joint structure
- bone
- articular (hyaline) cartlidge
- Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid)
- Articular capsule: fibrous layer, synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid)
- Periosteum
Describe the joint factors which can limit movement
- shape of articulating surface
- menisci and discs
- ligaments and the joint capsule
- muscle action/tendon tension
What are the 5 main synovial joints of the body
- knee
- shoulder
- elbow
- hip
- jaw
Role of the skull (5)
- protection
- muscle anchorage
- levers/joints
- calcium store
- Haemotopoiesis
Name the two elements of the skull
Calvaria - cranium without face
Splanchnocranium - facial skeleton
Name the three types of sutures and describe them
Serrate suture: jagged
Lap suture: angled
Plane suture: straight vertical
Name the four sutures of the skull
Sagittal suture
coronal suture
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Name the four processes of the zygomatic bone
Frontal process
Orbital part
Maxillary process
temporal process
Name the connective tissue components of skeletal muscle from outside to inside
Epimysium -> Perimysium -> Endomysium
What are the four properties of muscles
- Contractility
- Excitability
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
Describe how actin/myosin filaments work
- Myosin heads attach to actin when binding sites are uncovered in the presence of Ca2+
- The myosin heads then pivot to produce relative sliding of actin and myosin
- ATP is required to break a cross-bridge and to prime the myosin head ready for the next attachment event
Name the three types of muscle fibres
Type I: slow oxidative (long distance running)
Type IIa: Fast oxidative glycolytic (middle-distance running)
Type IIb: Fast glycotic (sprinting)
What nerve inervates facial expression and mastication, respectively?
Facial expression: CNVVII
Mastication: CNV
What is the modiolus
A structure interlacing approx. nine facial muscles converging at the angle of the mouth
Zygomaticus major
- structure
- origin
- insertion
- function
Structure: Strap like muscle
Origin: Zygomatic bone
Insertion: modiolus
Function: draws corner of the mouth laterally and superiorly.
What joint do the muscles of mastication move?
The temporomandibular joint
Explain how the temporomandibular joint is made, what type of joint it is and what movements it allows
- Condylar head of ramus of mandible sits in the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
- Modified hinge joint (also slides)
- Provides the following mandibular movements: elevation, depression, protrusion, retrusion and lateral deviation
What two components make up the pelvic diaphragm?
- Levator ani
- Coccygeus
What is the function of the pelvic diaphragm?
- Close to inferior outlet of pelvis
- Support and elevate pelvic floor
- Support pelvic viscera
- Resist expulsive efforts of abdominal masculature
What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff and what movements do they produce?
Subscapularis - medial rotation
Supraspinatus - abduction
Infraspinatus - lateral rotation
Teres Minor - lateral rotation, adduction
What are the compartments of the forearm?
Flexor pronator compartment
Extensor-supinator compartment
What are the four superficial muscles of the flexor compartment of the forearm?
- Pronator teres
- Palmaris longus
- Flexor carpi radialis
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
What are the three deep muscles of the flexor compartment of the forearm?
- Flexor digitorum profundus
- flexor pollicis longus
- pronator quadratus
What is the intermediate muscle of the flexor compartment of the forearm
Flexor digitorum superficialis
What is the common origin of the superficial flexor layer of the forearm
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Pronator teres: coronoid process of ulna
Flexor carpi ulnaris: olecranon process
List the insertions of the four superficial muscles of the forearm
- Pronator teres
- Flexor carpi radialus
- Palmaris longus
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
PT: lateral midshaft radius
FCR: bases of metacarpal 2 and 3
PL: palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum
FCU: pisiform bone, hamate bone and base of metacarpal 5
List the origin and insertions of the deep flexor layer of the forearm
- flexor digitorum profundus
- Flexor pollicis longus
- Pronator quadratus
FDP:
O - medial and posterior surfaces of ulna, medial surface or coronoid process and interosseous membrane
I - bases of distal phalanges of fingers 2-5
FPL:
O - anterior shaft of radius and interosseous membrane
I - Base of distal phalanx of thumb
PQ:
O - anterior and medial surfaces of distal ulna
I - anterolateral surface of distal portion of radius
How is the carpal tunnel formed?
Medial wall = pisiform and hamate
Lateral wall = trapezium and scaphoid tubercles
Floor = other carpal bones
Roof = flexor retinaculum
List the six superficial muscles of the extensor compartment
- Brachioradialis
- Extensor carpi radialis longus
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis
- Extensor digitorum
- Extensor digiti minimi
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
List the 3 muscles of the deep layer of the extensor compartment of the forearm
- Supinator
- Extensor indicis
- three thumb muscles
What is synostosis?
the fusion of adjacent bones by the growth of bony substance
What is synchondrosis?
an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage, as in the spinal vertebrae.
What is symphysis?
a fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones.
What is gomphosis?
a joint that binds the teeth to bony teeth sockets in the maxillary bone and mandible.
What is syndesmosis?
a true joint, with articular cartilage covering the medial aspect of the distal fibula and the lateral aspect of the tibia
