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ANAT1005 > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the seven organs of the GI tract?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anus
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2
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system? 6

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • gallbladder
  • liver
  • pancreas
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3
Q

Where are most digestive organs

A

In the abdominopelvic cavity

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4
Q

What are the 9 abdominal regions

A
  • 3 superior
  • 3 middle
  • 3 inferior
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5
Q

What are the 3 superior abdominal regions

A

right and left hypochondriac, central epigastric

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6
Q

What are the 3 middle abdominal regions

A

right and left lumbar regions, central umbilical region

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7
Q

What are the 3 inferior abdominal regions

A

right and left iliac regions, central hypogastric

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8
Q

What is peristalsis?

A
  • Wave of muscular contraction occurs throughout the GI tract (similar to pushing toothpaste through tube)
  • Adjacent segments alternatively contract and relax
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9
Q

What is segmentation?

A
  • Back-and-forth churning that occurs mainly in the small intestine
  • Non-adjacent segments alternatively contract and relax
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10
Q

What is visceral peritoneum?

A

Covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs

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11
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum

A

lines the body wall and is continuous with the visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity

A

It is between the visceral and parietal peritoneum, contains fluid to reduce friction

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13
Q

What is the mesenteries

A
  • a double layer (folds) of peritoneum that extends from body wall to the digestive organs
  • Holds organ in place, stores fat, route for vessels
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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ventral mesentaries?

A

Falciform ligament - liver to anterior abdomen wall and diaphragm

Greater omentum - greater curvature of stomach to posterior abdominal wall

Lesser omentum - liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

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15
Q

What are the 4 parts of the dorsal mesentaries

A

Greater omentum - greater curvature of stomach to posterior abdominal wall

Mesentary - supports coils of jejunum and ilium

Transverse mesocolon - transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall

Sigmoid mesocolon - sigmoid colon to posterior pelvis wall

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16
Q

What organs are classified as intraperitoneal organs?

A

Organs that are suspended into the peritoneal cavity CONTAIN mesenteries and are movable

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17
Q

What organs are classified as retroperitoneal?

A

Organs that are NOT suspended into the peritoneal cavity LACK messentries and are immobile

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18
Q

What are examples of retroperitoneal organs?

A

pancreas, kidneys, duodenum, ascending and descending colon of LI

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19
Q

What are the four layers of the alimentary canal wall?

A
  • the mucosa
  • the submucosa
  • the muscularis externa
  • the serosa
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20
Q

What is the mucosa

A

Innermost layer of the alimentary canal wall

- consists of epithelium,lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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21
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

external to the mucosa, contains bllod lymphatic vesseels, nerve fibres

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22
Q

What is the muscularis externa

A

external to the submucosa

Two layers: sircular muscularis - inner layer and logitudinal muscularis - outer layer

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23
Q

What is the serosa

A

the outermost layer of the alimentary canal wall

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24
Q

What is the oral cavity?

A
  • entrance way for food

- lined with thick stratified squamous epithelium

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25
Q

What are five main features of the oral cavity?

A
  • oral vestibule: space between teeth and lips
  • oral cavity proper
  • hard and soft palate: form roof of mouth
  • palatoglossal arch: anchors tongue to soft palate
  • Palatopharyngeal arch: anchors tongue to oropharynx
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26
Q

What are three main functions of the tongue

A
  • assistance in chewing
  • touch, temperature and taste
  • secretion of mucins and the enzyme lingual lipase that aids in breaking down triglycerides
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27
Q

What are the 3 types of projections of mucosa of the tongue

A
  • filiform - roughen

- fungiform and vallate papillae - tastebuds

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28
Q

What are the tonsils?

A
  • patches of lymphatic tissue found at the entrance of the pharynx
  • protection against ingested and inhaled pathogens
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29
Q

What are the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

are in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

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30
Q

What are the palatine tonsils?

A

Are in the posterolateral region of the oral cavity

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31
Q

What are the lingual tonsils

A

Are along the posterior one-third of the tongue

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32
Q

What are the functions of the salivary glands?

A
  • lubricate the oral cavity and moisten food
  • dissolve chemicals that stimulate the tastebuds
  • anti-microbial substances
  • parasympathetic innervation simulates salivary gland secretion
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33
Q

What are the four jaw opening muscles?

A
  • lateral pterygoid
  • digastric
  • mylohyoid
  • gemiohyoid
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34
Q

What are the three jaw closing muscles

A
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • medial pterygoid
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35
Q

What does the lower esophageal or cardiac sphincter do?

A
  • closes lumen to prevent stomach acid from entering the esophagus
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36
Q

Where is the upper esophageal sphincter

A

between the esophagus and larynx

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37
Q

What are the four main functions of the stomach?

A
  • storage of digested food
  • mechanical breakdown of ingested food
  • chemical digestion via acids and enzymes (primarily protein digestion)
  • ingested food, now called chyme (viscous, acidic, soupy mixture)
38
Q

What are the 4 important regions of the stomach

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pyloric
39
Q

What are the three sections of the small intestines?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

40
Q

Where does the small intestine start and end?

A

Begins at PLYORIC SPHINCTER and ends at the ILEOCECAL VALVE

41
Q

How can the small intestine be innervated?

A

Parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerve; sympathetic from thoracic splanchnic nerves

42
Q

What kind of organ is the Duodenum, where does it originate, how does it connect to the liver and whats it covered with?

A
  • Retroperitoneal apart from from the most proximal part which is intreperitoneal
  • originates from pyloric sphincter
  • connects to the liver by the lesser omentum
  • covered by a lining of mucous membrane which protects epithelium from acid chyme
43
Q

What are the three types of duodenum secretions?

A
  • bile and pancreatic enzymes travel to the duodenum via the main pancreatic duct a bile duct
  • sphincters control entry of bile and pancreatic juices
  • enter the eall of the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla which opens into the major duodenal papilla
44
Q

Where does the jejunum begin and what kind of organ is it?

What does it digest

A

Begins at the duodeno-jejunal junction

Intreperitoneal suspended by the mesentry proper

Digests and absorbs carbohydrates, proteins and fats

45
Q

What does the ileum absorb and what kind of organ is it?

A

Absorbs vitamin B12; salts and all products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum
- intraperitoneal suspended by the mesentry proper

46
Q

Where does the illeum end and what does the structure do?

A

The illium ends at the ileocecal valve, which controls the flow of materials from the ileum into the cecum of the large intestine

47
Q

What are the circular folds of the small intestine and what do they do?

A

PLICAE CIRCULARES

  • transverse ridges of mucosa and submucosa
  • increase surface area for absorption and to slow the passage of food
48
Q

What are the projections along the small intestine called and what are they covered with?

A

Intestinal villi covered by simple columnar epithelium of enterocytes, which absorb digested nutrients

49
Q

What are the microvilli and what do they do?

A
  • finger like projections of plasma membrane on apical surface of columnar epithelial cells
  • increase surface area for absorption and chemical digestion
50
Q

What are the five divisions of the large intestine?

A 
Cecum
appendix
colon
rectum
anal canal
51
Q

What four colons does the large intestine form?

A

ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

52
Q

The cecum

A
  • receives chyme from the ileum
  • sphincter prevents feces from travelliing back into illeum
  • mostly intraperitoneal
53
Q

The appendix

A
  • blind tube that opens into posterio-medial wall of cecum
  • contains lymph nodes, neutralises pathogens
  • intraperitoneal
54
Q

Ascending colon

A
  • originates from cecum

- retroperitoneal

55
Q

Transverse colon

A

Origin: hepatic flexure

- intraperitoneal

56
Q

Descending colon

A

Origin: splenic flexure

- retroperitoneal

57
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

Origin: sigmoid flexure

- intraperitoneal

58
Q

Rectum

A
  • retroperitoneal muscular tube

- stores feces prior to defacation

59
Q

Anal canal

A
  • approx. 3 cm long
  • lines with stratified squamous epithelium
  • internal and external anal sphincter regulate movement of feces
60
Q

What are the three special features of large intestine

A
  1. Teniae coli - thickening of longitudinal muscularis, 3 longitudinal strips
  2. Haustra - puckering created by teniae coli
  3. Epiploic appendages - fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
61
Q

What are the three arteries going to the GI tract?

A

celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

62
Q

What organs does the celiac trunk supply?

A

Organs located above transverse mesocolon

63
Q

What organs do the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Organs located on the right side of the mesentery

  • ascending and transverse colon
  • small intestine
  • inferior parts of pancreas and duodenum
64
Q

What organs do the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Organs on the left side of the mesentry

  • descending and sigmoid colon
  • upper parts of rectum
65
Q

What is the celiac trunk and where does it supply?

A

The celiac trunk (artery) is a branch of the abdominal aorta and supplies all organs (liver, stomach, spleen) which are located intraperitoneally and the transverse mesocolon
- Supplies superior parts of the pancreas and duodenumm

66
Q

What are the four accessory organs of the digestive system?

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
67
Q

What does cholecystokinin (CCK) trigger?

A

Release of bile and pancreatic enzymes

68
Q

What is the liver covered with?

A
  • it is covered by connective tissue capsule and visceral peritoneum (NOT the bare area)
69
Q

What is the overall function of the liver?

A

To remove and add compounds to the blood as it circulates through the lobule

70
Q

What secretion does the liver do?

A
  • secretes plasma proteins and bile
  • water and ions dilute and buffer the acids inthe chyme as it enters the SI
  • aids in fat digestion
71
Q

What are the two blood supplies the liver receives?

A
  • the “hepatic portal vein” contains nutrient rich, oxygen poor blood
  • The “hepatic artery proper” contains oxygen rich blood
72
Q

What is the hepatic portal system?

A

A network of veins that carries blood from the GI tract to the liver

73
Q

Where does the hepatic portal system carry blood?

A

carries venous blood from the GI tract and spleen to the liver before it returns to the inferior vena cava and heart:

  • capillaries of GI organs
  • hepatic portal veins
  • sinusoids of liver (storage/metabolic conversion/excretion)
74
Q

What are the three veins which drain into the hepatic portal vein?

A
  • splenic vein
  • inferior mesenteric vein
  • superior mesenteric vein
75
Q

What is the divide for blood supply in the liver?

A
  • portal veins contributes 75%

- hepatic artery contributes 25%

76
Q

Where dose blood from the portal veins and heptaic artery mix?

A

Through a liver lobule

77
Q

What are the two anterior lobes of the liver called?

A

Right (large) lobe and left love

78
Q

What is the liver ligament connecting it to the diphragm

A
  • coronary ligament
79
Q

What is the ligament between the two lobes of the liver and what does it do?

A

The falciform ligament

- peritoneal fold that secures the liver to the abdominal wall

80
Q

What is the ligament inferior to the falciform ligament in the liver and what does it do?

A

Round ligament

- remnant of the fetal umbilical cord

81
Q

What are the four lobes on the posterior side of the liver and where are they situated

A 
Right lobe (largest)
left lobe
Caudate lobe (on top of right lobe)
Quadrate lobe (inferior to caudate lobe, between L and R)
82
Q

What is the part of the liver where all the blood vessels enter and exit?

A

Porta hepatis

83
Q

What is the ligament posterior to the left lobe, seen on the superior surface?

A

Left triangular ligament

84
Q

What structure spans between the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

the lesser omentum

85
Q

What does the lesser omentum contain?

A

the veins/arteries of the liver and stomach as well as the bile duct

86
Q

What are the three parts of the gallbladder? starting inferiorly

A

Fundus -> body -> neck

87
Q

What does bile do?

A

emulsifies fat

88
Q

What does the cystic duct do?

A

connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct

89
Q

What is the endocrine functions of the pancreas

A

AKA islet of langerhans

  • produces hormones (insulin and glucagon)
  • is ductless and delivers the hormones directly into blood stream
90
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A
  • produces enzymes to break down fat, proteins and carbohydrates
  • delivers its productinto the duodenal lumen via its pancreatic duct
91
Q

What is the pathway of pancreatic enzymes?

A

The main pancreatic duct delivers pancreatic juice, which drains into the duodenum

ANAT1005 (10 decks)

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