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ANAT1005 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

Know for end of semester exam

1
Q

What is a neuron

A

basic structural unit of the nervous system.

Highly specialised cell that conduct electrical signals along axons.

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2
Q

What are the oligodentrocytes

A
  • the myelinating cell of the CNS

- - can myelinate several axons

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3
Q

What does myelin do?

A

Tightly wraps around the cell membrane

Myelin basically represents fat

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4
Q

Contrast ‘white matter’ to ‘grey matter’

A

white matter: fat is pale/yellow characterizing areas of the CNS with higher myelination
Grey matter: composed of less myelinated axons (higher density of cell bodies)

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5
Q

Describe meninges: Pia mater

A

closest layer to brain, follows all irregularities of brain surface

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6
Q

Describe meninges: Arachnoid mater

A

Subdural layer with projections to pia (forms subarachnoid space for CSF)

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7
Q

Describe meninges: dura mater

A

external dense connective tissue (protection)

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8
Q

What are the dural folds?

A
  • divide the cranial cavity and help to hold the brain in place
  • houses the venous sinuses
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9
Q

what comprises the forebrain?

A
  • cerebrum

- thalamus, hypothalamus (Diencephalon)

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10
Q

What comprises the midbrain

A
  • narrow connection of forebrain to hindbrain

- contains cerebral aqueduct

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11
Q

What comprises the hindbrain

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • cerebellum
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12
Q

What are the folds of the brain called?

A

Gyri (singular = gyrus)

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13
Q

What are the grooves of the brain called

A

Sulci (singular = sulcus)

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14
Q 
Describe the following features of the somatic section of the nervous system:
CONTROL
EFFERENTS
EFFECTOR ORGANS
EFFECT
A

CONTROL: voluntary, 1 neuron from spinal cord
EFFERENTS: cell body in VENTRAL grey horn or motor cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem
EFFECTOR ORGANS: Skeletal muscle
EFFECT: excitation

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15
Q 
Describe the following features of the autonomic section of the nervous system:
CONTROL
EFFERENTS
EFFECTOR ORGANS
EFFECT
A

CONTROL: involuntary, 2 neurons from brain stem/spinal cord
EFFERENTS: 1st cell body in LATERAL grey horn or motor cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem, 2nd cell body in peripheral ganglia
EFFECTOR ORGANS: smooth and cardiac muscle; secretory glands
EFFECT: excitation or inhibition

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16
Q

What are the two sections of the autonomic cernous system and what do they cause?

A

Sympathetic: preparation for emergency
FIGHT OR FLIGHT

Parasympathetic: conserving/ restoring energy
REST AND DIGEST

17
Q

What is the general layout of Autonomic Pathways?

A

preganglionic cell body in CNS - lateral horn or brainstem –> preganglionic axon (myelinated) –> Autonomic ganglion –> postganglionic axon (unmyelinated) –> effector organ

18
Q

Right the generalised structure of a parasympathetic division neuron

A

Preganglionic neuron –> long preganglionic axon –> autonomic gamglion –> ganglionic neuron –> short postganglionic axon

19
Q

Right the generalised structure of a sympathetic division neuron

A

Preganglionic neuron –> Short, branching preganglionic axon –> autonomic ganglion –> ganglionic neuron –> long postganglionic axon

20
Q

Write the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division on the heart

A

S - inc. HR, inc. forced contraction, inc. BP

PS - dec. HR, dec. force contraction, dec. Blood pressure

21
Q

Write the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division on the eye

A

S - dilate pupil

PS - constrict pupil

22
Q

Write the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division on the airways

A

S - inc. airway diameter

PS - dec. airway diameter

23
Q

Write the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division on the blood vessels

A

S - dec. GIT blood flow, inc. skeletal muscle blood flow

PS - not innervated

24
Q

Write the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division on the GIT glands

A

S - inhibition e.g. dec. insulin production (pancreas)

PS - stimulation e.g. inc. insulin production (pancreas)

25
Q

Describe the transmission, chemical mediators and distribution effects of direct communication

A

TRANSMISSION: through gap junctions
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS: ions, small solutes, lipid-soluble materials
EFFECTS: usually limited to adjacent cells of the same type

26
Q

Describe the transmission, chemical mediators and distribution effects of paracrine communication

A

TRANSMISSION: through extracellular fluid
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS: paracrine factors
DISTRIBUTION EFFECTS: limited too local area. Target cells must have appropriate receptors

27
Q

Describe the transmission, chemical mediators and distribution effects of endocrine communication

A

TRANSMISSION: through the circulatory system
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS: hormones
EFFECTS: target cells are primarily in other tissues and organs and must have appropriate receptors

28
Q

What are conditions of the chemical mediator being hormones?

A

they are:

  • slower to act (minutes to hours)
  • can have multiple targets
  • tends to act for longer periods of time as must be removed from blood stream
  • sometimes stockpiled in blood on transporter molecules
29
Q

Describe the transmission, chemical mediators and distribution effects of synaptic communication

A

TRANSMISSION: across synaptic clefts
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS: neurotransmitters
EFFECTS: limited to very specific areas. target cells must have appropriate receptors

30
Q

What are the conditions of the chemical mediators being neurotransmitters?

A
  • immediate action

- fast to turn on/off

31
Q

List the 10 major endocrine organs

A
  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • thymus
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • ovary
  • testis
32
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete and what do they do?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): stimulates kidney to reclaim water from urine, raises blood pressure.

Oxytocin: female reproductive stimulation

33
Q

Name the seven hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland

A
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Lutenizing hormone (LH)
34
Q

Where does growth hormone target

A
  • mitosis cells

- liver to produce another hormone

35
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

A

regulated release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid hormone

36
Q

describe the adrenal glands

A
  • each adrenal gland is 2 endocrine glands in one
  • adrenal medulla is more like a cluster of neurons.
  • Secrets adrenalin and noradrenalin
  • Adrenal cortex (3 layers) secretes steroid hormones (lipid base): corticosteroids and sex hormones
37
Q

What does the exocrine (Acinar cells) do?

A
  • for most of the pancreas

- secrete pancreatic juices (digestive enzymes) into the duodenum for digestion

38
Q

Describe the structure and function of the endocrine (islets of langerhans) in the pancreas

A
  • alpha cells secrete glucagon
  • breakdown glycogen into gloucose
  • beta cells secrete insulin
  • cells take up glucose and storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver

ANAT1005 (10 decks)

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