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ANAT1005 > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three primary structural components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Heart
  3. Blood
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2
Q

Name the three types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

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3
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carry blood AWAY from the heart (mostly carry oxygenated blood)

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4
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

supply blood cells with nutrients and oxygen and take waste products away

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5
Q

What do veins do?

A

Return blood to the heart (mostly carry deoxygenated blood)

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6
Q

What separates the two sides of the heart?

A

the septum - a muscular wall

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7
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The space located between the sternum, the vertebral column, the lungs and the diaphragm

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8
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Triple-layered sac that encloses the heart

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9
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium

A

Outer, strong layer of dense connective tissue. Attached to diaphragm inferiorly and vessels of heart superiorly

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10
Q

What are the three components of the serous pericardium?

A

2a. Parietal layer - outer
2b. Visceral layer (epicardium) - directly covers the heart
Pericardial cavity - between the 2 layers and contains fluid film to reduce friction

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11
Q

Name the 3 layers of the heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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12
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Consists of visceral serous pericardium (“upon”)

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13
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue, contractile layer

  • Cardiac cells are interconnected at junctions called intercalated discs.
  • spontaneously contracts - without neural input
  • innervated by autonomic nervous system
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14
Q

What is the endocardium

A

Deep to myocardium, sheet of simple squamous epithelium on a thin layer connective tissue (lines chambers and valves)

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15
Q

How are the atria separated?

A

Interatrial septa

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16
Q

How are the ventricles separated?

A

Interventricular septa

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17
Q

What three functions does the fibrous skeleton have?

A
  • Anchors heart valves by forming supportive rings (prevents over–opening)
  • Provides a rigid framework for the attachment of cardiac muscle tissue in atria and ventricles
  • Electrical insulation between atria and ventricles; ensures that muscle impulses are timed properly
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18
Q

What are the four valves in the heart?

A
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)
  • Aortic semilunar valve
  • Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)
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19
Q

What prevents the valves from being pushed back to the atria?

A

Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

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20
Q

When are the papillary muscles relaxed and chordae tendineae slack?

A

bicuspid and tricuspid valves are open

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21
Q

When are the papillary muscles contracted and chordae tendineae taut?

A

bicuspid and tricuspid valves are closed

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22
Q

List four important features of the right atrium

A
  • receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation via 3 blood vessels)
  • Conveys blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve (3 cusps)
  • Contains the SA and AV nodes (parts of the heart conduction system)
  • Important internal features: fossa ovalis
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23
Q

What three blood vessels go to the right atrium?

A
  • Coronary sinus
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
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24
Q

List to important features of the right ventricle

A
  • Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary circuit
  • important internal features: trabeculae carnae line the walls of both ventricles
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25
Q

How does deoxygenated blood reach the right ventricle?

A

Through the pulmonary trunk via the pulmonary semilunar valve

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26
Q

List three important features of the left atrium

A
  • receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation via 4 pulmonary veins (2 left and 2 right)
  • separated from the left ventricle by bicuspid (mitral) valve (2 cusps)
  • Important internal features: auricle contains pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati)
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27
Q

List two important features of the left ventricle

A
  • forms the apex of the heart

- pumps blood into the systemic circuit through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta

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28
Q

Approximately how thick are the ventricular walls?

A

Right: 3mm
Left: 13mm

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29
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the pulmonary circuit

A

Pumps blood from the right side of the heart through pulmonary vessels, to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart.

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30
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the systemic circuit

A

Pumps blood from the left side of the heart, through systemic vessels in peripheral tissues, and back to the right side of the heart.

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31
Q

What do the sulci do and what are the 3 major ones

A

Sulci separate the four chambers, and major coronary blood vessels occupy these sulci

  1. Atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus - separates atria from ventricles
  2. Aterior interventricular sulcus - separates ventricles
  3. Posterior interventricular sulcus - separates ventricles
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32
Q

Where do the coronary arteries originated from and what do they supply?

A
  • coronary arteries originate from the base of the aorta (superior to the aortic valve)
  • Coronary arteries supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle and coronary veins drain the blood
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33
Q

What does the coronary sinus do?

A

It is the biggest cardiac vein which ultimately collects the blood from all cardiac veins and drains the blood into the right atrium

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34
Q

Where are the coronary sinus and great and small cardiac veins located?

A

In the coronary (atrioventricular) groove

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35
Q

Where is the middle cardiac vein located?

A

in the posterior interventricular groove

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36
Q

What is the role of the three cardiac veins

A

Great cardiac vein: primarily drains the left heart (left atrium and ventricle)
Small cardiac vein: drains the right heart (right atrium and ventricle)
Middle cardiac vein: drains the interventricular septum

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37
Q

Describe the five steps of the cardiac conduction system

A
  1. SINOATRIAL (SA) node (the pacemaker): initiation of heartbeat
  2. SA node signal travels to the ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) node - AV node slows down the activation allowing time for atria to contract
  3. From the AV node the signal travels along the BUNDLE BRANCHES
  4. From the AV bundle the signal travels to the ventricles via the PURKINJE FIBRES
  5. Purkinje fibres spread signal to allow for rapid contraction of ventricles
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38
Q

How does innervation of the vagus nerve effect the heart?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

  • decreases heart rate
  • No effect on contraction

Innervates the SA, AV nodes and coronary arteries.

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39
Q

How does innervation of the sympathetic trunk effect the heart?

A

SYMPATHETIC

  • increases heart rate
  • increases strength of cardiac contraction

Innervate the SA, AV nodes, coronary arteries and cardiac musculature

40
Q

Describe tunica intima

A

inner simple squamous epithelium forming smooth surface of lumen

41
Q

Describe tunica media

A

middle, circularly arranged smooth muscle cells. Contraction/relaxation changes vessel diameter (thickest layer)

42
Q

Describe tunica externa

A

Outer protective connective tissue layer, strengthens and anchors

43
Q

What parts of the artery does blood consecutively travel through

A

From elastic arteries to muscular arteries to arterioles

44
Q

Describe an elastic artery

A

CONDUCTING
- largest, low resistance, near the heart
- high in elastin (tunica media)
- allows large pressure surges from the heart
E.g. pulmonary trunk, aorta, common carotid arteries

45
Q

Describe a muscular artery

A

DISTRIBUTING

  • distal, supply groups of organs
  • tunica media is thicker relative to lumen
  • smooth muscle sandwiched b/w 2 elastin layers
  • muscular layer regulates blood flow to organ

E.g. external carotid arteries, arteries of the limbs

46
Q

Describe the arteriole

A
  • smallest arteries, lead to capillary beds
  • thin tunica media of smooth muscle cells
  • contraction/ relaxation regulated via local signals OR sympathetic nervous system
47
Q

Describe the structure of the capillary

A
  • smallest blood vessels (diameter with single blood cells)

- Single layer of endothelial cells

48
Q

What are the three types of capillaries

A

Continuous - most common, least permeable

Fenestrated - have pores for high exchange rates

Sinusoid - very leaky for high exchange of large molecules

49
Q

How do veins get blood back to the heart?

A
  • infolds of the tunica intima create valves to allow for unidirectional flow of blood
  • valves are opened by blood flow to heart and closed by backflow
  • most abundant in limbs
50
Q

What three arteries originate from the aortic arch?

A
  1. brachiocephalic trunk
  2. left common carotid artery
  3. left subclavian artery
51
Q

What are the two divisions of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A
  • right common carotid artery

- right subclavian artery

52
Q

Where do the branches of the aortic arch supply with blood

A

the head, neck, upper limbs and superior thoracic wall

53
Q

What are the 4 pairs of arteries that serve the head and neck

A
  1. common carotid artery
  2. vertebral artery
  3. thyrocervical trunk
  4. costocervical trunk
54
Q

What blood vessels supply the brain?

A

Branches of the left and right internal carotids and the left and right vertebral arteries.

55
Q

What is the Circle of Willis?

A

CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE

an arterial anastomosis that provides alternate routes for blood to reach brain areas if occlusion

56
Q

What are the blood vessels in the circle of willis from posterior to anterior?

A

Left and right vertebral a. -> basilar a. -> posterior cerebral a. -> posterior communicating a. -> middle cerebral a. -> anterior cerebral a. -> anterior communicating a.

57
Q

Where do the branches of the thoracic aorta go?

A
  • numerous small branches to thoracic viscera and posterolateral wall
  • the anterior and upper abdominal wall are supplied by branches of the subclavian arteries: internal thoracic arteries
    ALSO:
  • pericardium
  • lungs and bronchi
  • esophagus
58
Q

What three unparied arteries supply the gastrointestinal tract and spleen

A
  1. Celiac artery
  2. superior mesentric a.
  3. Inferior mesentric artery
59
Q

What are the 3 paired arteries off the abdominal aorta

A
  1. (middle) suprerenal arteries
  2. Renal arteries
  3. Gonadal arteries
60
Q

The abdominal aorta ends by dividing into 2 common illiac arteries, which divide into what?

A
  • internal iliac arteries (pelvic organs, genitals)

- External illiac arteries (lower limbs)

61
Q

What is the flow of blood through the upper limbs?

A

Upper limbs arteries arise from the subcalvian a. -> (under clavicle) axillary a. -> brachial a. -> radial and ulnar arteries.

62
Q

What is the flow of blood through the arteries in the lower limb?

A

Lower limb arteries arise from the external iliac artery -> femoral artery -> popliteal artery -> anterior and posterior tibial arteries

63
Q

What artery supplies blood to the hip joint and thigh muscles?

A

Femoral artery

64
Q

What artery supplies blood to the knee?

A

The popliteal artery

65
Q

Where does the anterior tibial artery supply with blood?

A

Branches to the DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERY (form plantar arch) and DIGITAL ARTERIES extend from plantar arch and supply the toes

66
Q

Where does the posterior tibial artery supply with blood?

A

Branches to the FIBULAR ARTEERY (lateral compartment leg muscles) and MEDIAL AND LATERAL PLANTAR ARTERIES

67
Q

What are the three veins that systemic blood returns to the heart through

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
68
Q

What are the three main veins of the head and neck?

A
  • internal jugular
  • external jugular
  • vertebral veins
69
Q

Where does the internal jugular receive blood from?

A

The dural venous sinuses (and most of the brain)

70
Q

Where does the external jugular receive blood from?

A

From posterior and lateral scalp and some of the face

71
Q

Where does the vertebral veins receive blood from?

A

From the cervical vertebrae and spinal cord, superior neck muscles

72
Q

What veins drain into the radial and ulnar veins?

A

The digital veins; superficial and deep palmar venous arches

73
Q

What do the radial and ulnar veins merge to form?

A

A pair of brachial veins

74
Q

What two veins merge to form the axillary vein?

A

The brachial veins and the basilic vein

75
Q

How is the axillary vein renamed?

A

The subclavian vein (first ribs)

76
Q

Where is the basilic vein?

A

SUPERFICIAL - runs adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb and eventually helps form the axillary vein

77
Q

Where is the cephalic vein

A

SUPERFICIAL - runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb and drains into the axillary vein

78
Q

Where is the median cubital vein?

A

interconnects the basilic and cephalic veins

79
Q

What vein drains the abdominal wall, the gonads, the liver, the kidneys and the suprarenals glands and the diaphragm?

A

Inferior vena cava

80
Q

What vein drains the visceral organs within the abdominal cavity?

A

The hepatic portal vein

81
Q

What are the 6 major veins from the abdominal portion which the inferior vena cava collects? (superior to posterior)

A
  • phrenic veins
  • hepatic veins
  • suprarenal veins
  • renal veins
  • gonadal veins
  • lumbar veins
82
Q

What are two blood supplies the liver recieves?

A
  • the “hepatic portal vein”

- The “hepatic artery proper”

83
Q

What kind of blood goes through the hepatic portal vein

A

oxygen poor, but nutrient rich blood, drains only unpaired organs

84
Q

What kind of blood does the hepatic artery proper contain?

A

Oxygen rich blood

85
Q

What does the inferior mesentric vein do?

A

drains the distal part of the large intestine; receives blood from the superior rectal vein, sigmoid veins and left colic vein

86
Q

What does the splenic vein do?

A

Drains the spleen: received blood from pancreatic veins, short gastric veins, and the right gastroepoploic vein

87
Q

What does the superior mesentric vein do?

A

Drains the small intestine and part of the large intestine; receives blood from the intestinal veins, pancreaticoduodenal veins, ileicolic vein, and right and middle colic veins

88
Q

List the deep veins of the lower limb and where they drain to

A
  • medial and lateral plantar veins drain into posterior tibial veins
  • fibular veins drain into the posterior tibial veins
  • tibial veins merge to from the popliteal vein which becomes the femoral vein and then the external iliac vein (superior to the inguinal ligament)
  • external and internal iliac veins unite into the common iliac vein
  • The common iliac veins merge to form the inferior vena cava
89
Q

List the superficial veins of the lower limb and where they drain to

A
  • dorsal venous arch drains into the great saphenous veins and small saphenous vein
  • Great saphenous vein drains into the femoral vein
  • small sephanous drains into popliteal vein
90
Q

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • return lymph to the systemic venous system, to maintain blood volume and fluid levels and return leaked proteins back to the blood
  • carry absorbed fat from the intestine to the blood
  • lymph nodes act as filters to check for foreign or pathological materials, thus fighting infection by foreign bodies via lymphocytes
91
Q

What are the 5 lymphoid organs and what do they do

A
  1. red bone marrow - produces lymphocytes
  2. Thymus - maturation of T-lymphocytes
  3. Spleen - monitors blood
  4. Lymph nodes - monitors lymph, destroy pathogens
  5. Tonsils - destroy pathogens
92
Q

What are the features of lymphatic capillaries?

A
  • vessels that receive lymph
  • components of blood plasma filter through blood capillaries = interstitial fluid
  • lymphatic capillaries are highly permeable (more permeable than blood capillaries)
  • Excess interstitial fluid flows into lymphatic capillaries
93
Q

What is the one way flow of lymph?

A

lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic vessels -> lymphatic trunks -> lymph ducts

94
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

red bone marrow

thymus

95
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

lymph nodes
spleen
tonsils

96
Q

What are the five ways in which the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems work together?

A
  • continual recycling of fluid from bood to tissue fluid to lymph and back to the blood
  • blood capillaries lose fluid to tissue spaces, picked up by lymphatic system, returned to bloodstream
  • lymph flows from lymphatic capillaries through collective vessels, lymphatic trucks, collective ducts and is filtered through multiple lymph nodes before re entering the bloodstream at the subclavian veins
  • the lymphatic system flows at lower pressure and speed then the venous blood
  • the valves of the lymphatic vessels, like those of the veins, prevent the fluid from flowing back

ANAT1005 (10 decks)

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