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ANAT1005 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

End of semester exam

1
Q

What are the four processes that make up respiration

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • External respiration
  • Respiratory gas transport
  • Internal respiration
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2
Q

Important functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Acid balance
  • filters and protects respiratory surfaces from pathogens and dehydration
  • Vocalization
  • Olfaction
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3
Q

Anatomical divison - upper respiratory tract

A

transports air through common structures: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx

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4
Q

Anatomical division - lower respiratory tract

A

transports and carries out gas exchange: trachea, bronchial tree, lungs (alveoli)

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5
Q

Functional division: conducting zone

A

passageways that carry air to the site of gas exchange (filter, humidify, warm air)

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6
Q

Functional division: respiratory zone

A

the site of gas exchange in the lungs

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7
Q

List the functions of the nose

A
  • Airway for respiration
  • moistens and warms entering air
  • filters
  • resonance chamber for speech
  • home to the olfactory receptors
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8
Q

List the two divisions of the nose and what comprises them

A
  • External nose: bones and hyaline cartlidge

- Internal nose: nasal cavity

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the nasal cavity

A
  • Air enters through external nares
  • Nasal septum divides into right and left halves
  • Posteriorly, continuous with the nasopharynx
  • Roof formed by ethmoid and sphenoid bones
  • Floor formed by the palate
  • Surrounded by paranasal sinuses - filter air
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10
Q

What are the two types of mucosa membranes that line the nasal cavity

A
  • olfactory mucosa: receptors for smell

- Respiratory muscosa: epithelium with goblet cells, function to trap inhaled debris and moisten

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the conchae

A
  • bony plates found on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity that increase the surface area of the mucous membrane
  • Groove inferior to each concha is a meatus
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12
Q

Describe how the conchae effect inhalation and exhalation

A

Inhalation: filter, heat and moisten air
Exhalation: cool conchae, take out moisture

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13
Q

Describe the structure and function of the pharynx

A
  • common passageway for both food and air
  • funnel-shaped passageway that connect the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly
  • walls lined with mucosa and skeletal muscle
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14
Q

Describe the nasopharynx

A

only air, uvula closes entrance to prevent food from entering nasal cavity, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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15
Q

Describe the oropharynx

A

food and air, stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Describe the laryngopharynx

A

food and air, stratified squamous epithelium.

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17
Q

List what the larynx connects and its three main functions

A

connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea.

  • produces vocalization
  • provides and open airway
  • routing air and food into proper channels (swallowing = closed, breathing = open)
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18
Q

Describe the 3 structures of the larynx

A
  1. vestibular folds: false vocal cords
  2. vocal folds: true vocal cords
  3. Laryngeal vestibule - above vocal cords; larngeal ventricle - between vestibular and vocal cords
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19
Q

What is the rima glottis

A

the opening between vocal folds

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20
Q

List the 9 cartlidges and what they look like/function

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple - laryngeal prominence)
  2. Cricoid cartilage (complete ring)
  3. Arytenoid cartilage - 2 (pyramid shape - anchor vocal chords)
  4. Corniculate catrilage -2
  5. Cuneiform cartilage - 2
  6. Epiglottis (elastic, keeps food out of respiratory tubes)
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21
Q

Name the function of the trachea

A
  • filter, warm, humidify air

- Connects larynx into mediastinum, divides into two primary bronchi at T4-T7

22
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea

A
  • 16-20 c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage joined by connective tissue
  • Trachealis muscle - contraction decreases trachea diameter
  • Carina - cough reflex
    • Annular ligaments connect cartilage rings
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
23
Q

List what the bronchial tree is made of

A
  • cartilage and smooth muscle

- primary bronchi enter the hilium of each lung with pulmonary and lymphatic vessels and nerves.

24
Q

What changes occur in the bronchial tree as the conducting tubes get smaller?

A
  • Cartilage is replaced with smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
  • Epithelium transition to simple columnar and then to simple cuboidal (for gas exchange)
  • No mucous or cilia in small bronchioles
25
Q

What 2 types of cells do all alveolus have?

A
  • single layer of type 1 alveolar cells, basal lamina and network of capillaries
  • Type 2 alveolar cells produce surfactant
26
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Detergent-like substance that reduces the surface tension within the alveoli

27
Q

What would happen without surfactant?

A
  • The inner walls of the alveoli would stick together during exhalation
28
Q

Which body cavity are the paired lungs and pleural sacs located?

A

The thoracic cavity

29
Q

What shape do the lungs have?

A
  • conical
  • concave base
  • blunt apex
30
Q

How are the lobes of the lungs divided?

A

fissures

31
Q

Where is hilum found?

A

found on medial surface - indentation where vessels enter/exit lung

32
Q

name the lobes and fissures of the left lung

A

Lobes: superior and inferior

separated by oblique fissure

33
Q

Name the lobes and fissures of the right lung

A

Lobes: superior, middle and inferior

separated by oblique and horizontal fissures

34
Q

What are the three surfaces of the lungs?

A
  • Mediastinal (medial, hilum)
  • Diaphragmatic (base)
  • Costal
35
Q

What are the three borders of the lungs

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • inferior
36
Q

List the three openings in the diaphragm

A

Oesophageal hiatus - Surrounded by muscle so during the contraction of diaphragm it’s closed.
- Vena caval foramen and aortic hiatus - surrounded by tendons so blood can flow during contractions

37
Q

what does the pulmonary circuit do

A

Conducts blood from the heart to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

38
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the pulmonary circuit

A

PULMONARY ARTERIES: take O2 poor blood to the lungs
PULMONARY CAPILLARY NETWORKS: site of gas exchange, alveoli
PULMONARY VEINS: take O2 rich blood back to the heart

39
Q

What does bronchial circulation do?

A

(systemic circulation) supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung

40
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the bronchial circuit

A
  • Bronchial arteries branch from the anterior wall of the descending thoracic aorta and supply structures in the bronchial tree
  • Larger bronchial veins collect venous blood and drain into the azygos and hemiazygous systems of veins
41
Q

What is the plurae?

A

serous membrane that covers outer lund surface and the thoracic wall

42
Q

What is the outer layer of the plurae?

A

The parietal plurae - covers internal surface of thoracic wall, superior surface of diaphragm, lateral surfaces of mediastinum (sensitive to pain)

43
Q

What is the inner layer of the plurae

A
  • the visceral pleura: covers the external lung surface (insensitive to pain)
44
Q

What does pleural fluid do?

A

a lubricant that ensures opposing pleural membrane surfaces slide by each other with minimal friction during breathing

45
Q

Muscles involved in normal inspriation - diaphragmatic breathing

A
  • diaphragm contracts and expands the thoracic cavity
46
Q

Muscles involved in normal inspiration - costal breathing

A
  • external intercostals (elevate the ribs and enlarge the thoracic cavity
47
Q

Muscles involved in deep or forced inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pec minor, quadratus lumborum

48
Q

Muscles involved in deep or forced expiration

A
  • internal and external obliques, transversus abdominus (force diaphragm superiorly, depress rib cage)
  • Internal intercostals and latissimus dorsi
49
Q

Describe bronchial asthma

A

allergic inflammatory response causes bronchoconstriction

50
Q

Describe cystic fibrosis

A

accumulation of mucous, clogs respiratory system and causes bacterial infections

51
Q

Describe chronic bronchitis

A

inhaled irritants - leads to excess mucous, inflammation and fibrosis - impairing ventilation and gas exchange

52
Q

Describe emphysema

A

Permanent enlargement of alveoli due to inc, lysosymes destroying alveolar walls; lungs becoming less elastic

ANAT1005 (10 decks)

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