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Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of??

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder and 1 urethra

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2
Q

What do the kidneys do??

A

Filter blood and excrete urine

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3
Q

What happens in ureters??

A

Urine travels through

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4
Q

What happens in urinary bladder??

A

It stores urine

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5
Q

What does the urethra do??

A

It is tube through which urine is expelled

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6
Q

What is nephrology??

A

Scientific study of anatomy, physiology and pathology of kidneys

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7
Q

What is urology??

A

Branch of medicine dealing with male and female urinary systems and male reproductive system

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8
Q

What are the 8 functions of the kidney??

A 
Regulation of blood ionic composition 
Maintenance of blood osmolarity
Regulation of blood volume
Regulating blood pressure 
Regulating blood pH
Releasing hormones 
Regulation of blood glucose 
Secretion of waste and foreign substances
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9
Q

How do the kidneys maintain blood osmolarity??

A

By seperately regulating loss of water and solutes in urine

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10
Q

How do kidneys regulate blood volume??

A

By conserving or eliminating water

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11
Q

What is one way the kidneys use to decrease blood pressure??

A

By adjusting blood volume so decreased blood volume = decreased blood pressure

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12
Q

What is one way the kidneys can increase blood pressure??

A

By secreting renin which activates renin-angiotensin pathways which increase vasoconstriction and increase blood volume so BP increases

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13
Q

Will retaining water cause your blood pressure to increase or decrease??

A

Increase BP

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14
Q

How do the kidneys regulate blood pH??

A

They excrete variable amounts of H+ into urine and conserve bicarbonate with buffers H+

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15
Q

What hormones to kidneys release??

A

Calcitriol and erythropoietin

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16
Q

What does calcitriol do??

A

Helps regulate calcium homeostasis by increase absorption of foods in GI

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17
Q

What does erythropoietin do??

A

It stimulates RBC production

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18
Q

What does the body secrete in urine??

A

Ammonia and urea, bilirubin, creatinine, Uric acid and drugs or environmental toxins

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19
Q

Where does ammonia and urea in urine come from??

A

Deamination of amino acids

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20
Q

Where does bilirubin in urine come from??

A

Catabolism of Hb

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21
Q

Where does creatinine in urine come from??

A

Breakdown of creatinine phosphate in muscles

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22
Q

Where does uric acid come from in urine??

A

Catabolism of nuclei acids

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23
Q

Where do all blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and ureter of kidneys enter/ leave by??

A

The renal hilum at concave side of kidney

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24
Q

What are the 3 layers of tissue that surround the kidney??

A

Renal capsule (transparent) adipose capsule (fat pad) and renal fascia (connective tissue that attaches to posterior abdominal wall)

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25
What are the 2 distinct internal regions of the kidneys??
Renal cortex and renal medulla
26
What makes up the renal cortex??
Outer smooth reddish part and the renal columns that extend between renal pyramids
27
What makes up renal medulla??
Consists of 8-10 cone shaped renal pyramids that have apex pointing to centre
28
What is the apex of renal pyramids called?!
Renal papilla
29
What is the parenchyma?!
The functional portion of kidney made up of renal cortex and renal pyramids
30
What are the functional units of the kidneys??
Nephrons
31
What does renal corpuscle do??
Filters plasma
32
What is the glomerulus??
Mass of capillary loops
33
What is the bowmans capsule??
Glomerular capsule that surrounds glomerulus
34
What passes into renal tubule??
Filtered fluid
35
What is the coiled structure that is attached to bowmans capsule??
Proximal convoluted
36
What makes up the hairpin of renal tubule??
Loop of henle
37
What is the part of the renal tubule that connects to collecting tubule??
Distal convoluted tubule
38
What are the 2 positions of nephrons??
Cortical and juxtamedullary
39
What are the % of cortical nephrons??
80-85%
40
What are the percentage of juxtamedullary nephrons??
15-20%
41
Where do renal corpuscles lie in cortical nephrons??
Outer portion of renal cortex
42
Where do renal corpuscles of juxtamedullary nephrons lie??
Deep in cortex, close to medulla
43
What are the characteristics of loops of henle in cortical nephrons??
Short and mainly in cortex, they slightly penetrate medulla
44
What are the characteristics of the loops of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons??
Long and extend deep into medulla
45
Where does the blood supply to loops of cortical nephrons come from??
From peritubular capillaries arising from efferent arterioles
46
Where does the blood supply to loops of juxtamedullary nephrons come from??
Peritubular capillaries and vasa texts arising from efferent arterioles
47
What is the ascending loop limb of cortical nephrons like??
Thick only
48
What is the ascending loop limb of juxtamedullary nephrons like??
Thin then thick
49
What makes different loop segments thick and thin??
Height of epithelium and not diameter of lumen
50
Although kidneys are <0.5% body mass what % resting cardiac output do they receive via renal arteries??
20-25%
51
Why are glomerular capillaries are unique??
They are positioned between 2 arterioles and have smooth muscle cells so can dilate or constrict blood vessel to alter glomerular capillary pressure
52
How many layers of epithelial cells form the entire wall of the glomerular capsule, renal tubule and ducts??
1
53
What is the outer parietal layer of glomerular capsule made up of??
A wall of simple squamous epithelium cells
54
What is the inner visceral layer of glomerular capsule made of??
Specialised simple squamous epithelial cells called podocytes
55
Where do podocytes wrap around in glomerular capsule??
Glomerular capillaries
56
Podocytes have foot like projections what do they do??
They cover capillaries and allow filtration slots to be formed
57
What makes up filtration membrane of glomerular capsule??
Podocytes and fenestrated capillaries
58
What passes from blood in glomerulus to capsular space??
Water, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, very small plasma proteins, urea, ammonia and ions
59
What stays in blood in glomerulus??
Albumin, plasma proteins, platelets, RBC and WBC
60
Why is there a prominent brush border of microvilli in proximal convoluted tubule cells??
To increase surface area for reabsorption and secretion
61
What are the 2 different cell types in the last portion of distal collecting duct??
Mostly principal cells and a fewer intercalated cells
62
What do principal cells of distal collecting duct do??
They are receptors for ADH and aldosterone
63
What do intercalated cells of distal collecting duct do??
They play a role in haemostasis of blood pH
64
Do the principal or intercalated cells of distal collecting duct have apical microvilli and many mitochondria??
Intercalated cells
65
Where do cells of distal collecting duct drain to??
Large papillary ducts lines by simple columnar epithelial cells
66
What are the 3 basic processes of urine formation?
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
67
What forces water and most solutes in blood out across the walls of glomerulus?
Blood pressure
68
What passes from blood to capsular space?
Water, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, very small plasma proteins, urea, ammonia and ions
69
What stays in blood when it reaches glomerulus?
Albumin, plasma proteins, platelets and red and white BC
70
What is net filtration pressure (NFP)?
Total pressure promoting filtration
71
What is NFP made up of?
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure minus capsular pressure minus blood colloidal osmotic pressure
72
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Pressure exerted by a fluid
73
Is the afferent arteriole diameter larger or smaller than efferent arteriole?
Larger
74
What does the difference in diameter between afferent and efferent arterioles cause??
Higher resistance from efferent so increases bp upstream in glomerulus to promote filtration
75
What do messangial cells do?
Contract to decrease surface area of capillaries so glomerular filtration decreases
76
Where are mesangial cells positioned?
Between capillaries
77
What is he definition of glomerular filtration rate?
Amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute
78
What is glomerular filtration rate?
150-180 L/day but since 99% is returned to blood only 1-2 L is excreted per day
79
How does homeostasis keep GFR relatively constant?
By renal autonueral and hormonal regulation
80
What decreases GFR?
Severe blood loss
81
What increases GFR?
High BP but not by much
82
What can happen is glomerular capillaries are damaged or permeable?
Oedema
83
Where is filtered blood from renal tubule returned to?
Peritubular capillaries
84
What are juxtaglomerular cells?
Modified SMC that secrete renin to regulate BP in kidney
85
What is a nuclear pore?
A circle of proteins surrounding a large central opening which is 10x wider than fr pore of a channel protein in the plasma membrane
86
Transport across membranes in tubular reabsorption may be?
Active primary which uses ATP, active secondary which uses ions electrochemical gradient or passive
87
What is transport maximum?
The number of carriers available to transport substances across membrane
88
Rate of urinary excretion of any solute=
Rate of glomerular filtration + rate of secretion minus rate of reabsorption
89
What controls the production of dilute or concentrated urine?
ADH
90
What is dilute urine in mosm/kg?
65
91
What is concentrated urine in mosm/kg?
1200
92
What happens if ADH is absent?
Urine contains high ratio of water to solutes as principal cells of collecting duct are impermeable to water
93
What happens is ADH is present?
Concentrated urine due to osmotic gradient
94
What does ADH do?
Reduces production of urine
95
What effect does Na have on urine production?
Stimulates release of ADH so less urine is produced
96
Why are glomerular capillaries unique?
They are positioned between 2 arterioles
97
What does enzyme renin do?
Forms angiotensin to increase BP

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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