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Anatomy And Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of??

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder and 1 urethra

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2
Q

What do the kidneys do??

A

Filter blood and excrete urine

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3
Q

What happens in ureters??

A

Urine travels through

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4
Q

What happens in urinary bladder??

A

It stores urine

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5
Q

What does the urethra do??

A

It is tube through which urine is expelled

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6
Q

What is nephrology??

A

Scientific study of anatomy, physiology and pathology of kidneys

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7
Q

What is urology??

A

Branch of medicine dealing with male and female urinary systems and male reproductive system

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8
Q

What are the 8 functions of the kidney??

A 
Regulation of blood ionic composition 
Maintenance of blood osmolarity
Regulation of blood volume
Regulating blood pressure 
Regulating blood pH
Releasing hormones 
Regulation of blood glucose 
Secretion of waste and foreign substances
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9
Q

How do the kidneys maintain blood osmolarity??

A

By seperately regulating loss of water and solutes in urine

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10
Q

How do kidneys regulate blood volume??

A

By conserving or eliminating water

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11
Q

What is one way the kidneys use to decrease blood pressure??

A

By adjusting blood volume so decreased blood volume = decreased blood pressure

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12
Q

What is one way the kidneys can increase blood pressure??

A

By secreting renin which activates renin-angiotensin pathways which increase vasoconstriction and increase blood volume so BP increases

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13
Q

Will retaining water cause your blood pressure to increase or decrease??

A

Increase BP

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14
Q

How do the kidneys regulate blood pH??

A

They excrete variable amounts of H+ into urine and conserve bicarbonate with buffers H+

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15
Q

What hormones to kidneys release??

A

Calcitriol and erythropoietin

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16
Q

What does calcitriol do??

A

Helps regulate calcium homeostasis by increase absorption of foods in GI

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17
Q

What does erythropoietin do??

A

It stimulates RBC production

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18
Q

What does the body secrete in urine??

A

Ammonia and urea, bilirubin, creatinine, Uric acid and drugs or environmental toxins

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19
Q

Where does ammonia and urea in urine come from??

A

Deamination of amino acids

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20
Q

Where does bilirubin in urine come from??

A

Catabolism of Hb

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21
Q

Where does creatinine in urine come from??

A

Breakdown of creatinine phosphate in muscles

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22
Q

Where does uric acid come from in urine??

A

Catabolism of nuclei acids

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23
Q

Where do all blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and ureter of kidneys enter/ leave by??

A

The renal hilum at concave side of kidney

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24
Q

What are the 3 layers of tissue that surround the kidney??

A

Renal capsule (transparent) adipose capsule (fat pad) and renal fascia (connective tissue that attaches to posterior abdominal wall)

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25
Q

What are the 2 distinct internal regions of the kidneys??

A

Renal cortex and renal medulla

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26
Q

What makes up the renal cortex??

A

Outer smooth reddish part and the renal columns that extend between renal pyramids

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27
Q

What makes up renal medulla??

A

Consists of 8-10 cone shaped renal pyramids that have apex pointing to centre

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28
Q

What is the apex of renal pyramids called?!

A

Renal papilla

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29
Q

What is the parenchyma?!

A

The functional portion of kidney made up of renal cortex and renal pyramids

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30
Q

What are the functional units of the kidneys??

A

Nephrons

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31
Q

What does renal corpuscle do??

A

Filters plasma

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32
Q

What is the glomerulus??

A

Mass of capillary loops

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33
Q

What is the bowmans capsule??

A

Glomerular capsule that surrounds glomerulus

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34
Q

What passes into renal tubule??

A

Filtered fluid

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35
Q

What is the coiled structure that is attached to bowmans capsule??

A

Proximal convoluted

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36
Q

What makes up the hairpin of renal tubule??

A

Loop of henle

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37
Q

What is the part of the renal tubule that connects to collecting tubule??

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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38
Q

What are the 2 positions of nephrons??

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary

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39
Q

What are the % of cortical nephrons??

A

80-85%

40
Q

What are the percentage of juxtamedullary nephrons??

A

15-20%

41
Q

Where do renal corpuscles lie in cortical nephrons??

A

Outer portion of renal cortex

42
Q

Where do renal corpuscles of juxtamedullary nephrons lie??

A

Deep in cortex, close to medulla

43
Q

What are the characteristics of loops of henle in cortical nephrons??

A

Short and mainly in cortex, they slightly penetrate medulla

44
Q

What are the characteristics of the loops of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons??

A

Long and extend deep into medulla

45
Q

Where does the blood supply to loops of cortical nephrons come from??

A

From peritubular capillaries arising from efferent arterioles

46
Q

Where does the blood supply to loops of juxtamedullary nephrons come from??

A

Peritubular capillaries and vasa texts arising from efferent arterioles

47
Q

What is the ascending loop limb of cortical nephrons like??

A

Thick only

48
Q

What is the ascending loop limb of juxtamedullary nephrons like??

A

Thin then thick

49
Q

What makes different loop segments thick and thin??

A

Height of epithelium and not diameter of lumen

50
Q

Although kidneys are <0.5% body mass what % resting cardiac output do they receive via renal arteries??

A

20-25%

51
Q

Why are glomerular capillaries are unique??

A

They are positioned between 2 arterioles and have smooth muscle cells so can dilate or constrict blood vessel to alter glomerular capillary pressure

52
Q

How many layers of epithelial cells form the entire wall of the glomerular capsule, renal tubule and ducts??

A

1

53
Q

What is the outer parietal layer of glomerular capsule made up of??

A

A wall of simple squamous epithelium cells

54
Q

What is the inner visceral layer of glomerular capsule made of??

A

Specialised simple squamous epithelial cells called podocytes

55
Q

Where do podocytes wrap around in glomerular capsule??

A

Glomerular capillaries

56
Q

Podocytes have foot like projections what do they do??

A

They cover capillaries and allow filtration slots to be formed

57
Q

What makes up filtration membrane of glomerular capsule??

A

Podocytes and fenestrated capillaries

58
Q

What passes from blood in glomerulus to capsular space??

A

Water, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, very small plasma proteins, urea, ammonia and ions

59
Q

What stays in blood in glomerulus??

A

Albumin, plasma proteins, platelets, RBC and WBC

60
Q

Why is there a prominent brush border of microvilli in proximal convoluted tubule cells??

A

To increase surface area for reabsorption and secretion

61
Q

What are the 2 different cell types in the last portion of distal collecting duct??

A

Mostly principal cells and a fewer intercalated cells

62
Q

What do principal cells of distal collecting duct do??

A

They are receptors for ADH and aldosterone

63
Q

What do intercalated cells of distal collecting duct do??

A

They play a role in haemostasis of blood pH

64
Q

Do the principal or intercalated cells of distal collecting duct have apical microvilli and many mitochondria??

A

Intercalated cells

65
Q

Where do cells of distal collecting duct drain to??

A

Large papillary ducts lines by simple columnar epithelial cells

66
Q

What are the 3 basic processes of urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

67
Q

What forces water and most solutes in blood out across the walls of glomerulus?

A

Blood pressure

68
Q

What passes from blood to capsular space?

A

Water, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, very small plasma proteins, urea, ammonia and ions

69
Q

What stays in blood when it reaches glomerulus?

A

Albumin, plasma proteins, platelets and red and white BC

70
Q

What is net filtration pressure (NFP)?

A

Total pressure promoting filtration

71
Q

What is NFP made up of?

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure minus capsular pressure minus blood colloidal osmotic pressure

72
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by a fluid

73
Q

Is the afferent arteriole diameter larger or smaller than efferent arteriole?

A

Larger

74
Q

What does the difference in diameter between afferent and efferent arterioles cause??

A

Higher resistance from efferent so increases bp upstream in glomerulus to promote filtration

75
Q

What do messangial cells do?

A

Contract to decrease surface area of capillaries so glomerular filtration decreases

76
Q

Where are mesangial cells positioned?

A

Between capillaries

77
Q

What is he definition of glomerular filtration rate?

A

Amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute

78
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?

A

150-180 L/day but since 99% is returned to blood only 1-2 L is excreted per day

79
Q

How does homeostasis keep GFR relatively constant?

A

By renal autonueral and hormonal regulation

80
Q

What decreases GFR?

A

Severe blood loss

81
Q

What increases GFR?

A

High BP but not by much

82
Q

What can happen is glomerular capillaries are damaged or permeable?

A

Oedema

83
Q

Where is filtered blood from renal tubule returned to?

A

Peritubular capillaries

84
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Modified SMC that secrete renin to regulate BP in kidney

85
Q

What is a nuclear pore?

A

A circle of proteins surrounding a large central opening which is 10x wider than fr pore of a channel protein in the plasma membrane

86
Q

Transport across membranes in tubular reabsorption may be?

A

Active primary which uses ATP, active secondary which uses ions electrochemical gradient or passive

87
Q

What is transport maximum?

A

The number of carriers available to transport substances across membrane

88
Q

Rate of urinary excretion of any solute=

A

Rate of glomerular filtration + rate of secretion minus rate of reabsorption

89
Q

What controls the production of dilute or concentrated urine?

A

ADH

90
Q

What is dilute urine in mosm/kg?

A

65

91
Q

What is concentrated urine in mosm/kg?

A

1200

92
Q

What happens if ADH is absent?

A

Urine contains high ratio of water to solutes as principal cells of collecting duct are impermeable to water

93
Q

What happens is ADH is present?

A

Concentrated urine due to osmotic gradient

94
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Reduces production of urine

95
Q

What effect does Na have on urine production?

A

Stimulates release of ADH so less urine is produced

96
Q

Why are glomerular capillaries unique?

A

They are positioned between 2 arterioles

97
Q

What does enzyme renin do?

A

Forms angiotensin to increase BP

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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