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Female reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

At what point in development of a foetus is there differentiation between males and females?

A

8-10 weeks

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2
Q

The female reproductive tract develops from the…..

A

Paramesonephric duct

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3
Q

The female reproductive system develops because of the….

A

Lack of testosterone and the mullerian-inhibiting factor (MIF)

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4
Q

What are the primary sex organs in females?

A

The ovaries

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5
Q

The internal female genitalia include….

A

The ovaries, the uterine tubes, the uterus and the vagina

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6
Q

The external female genitalia includes…

A

The clitoris, the labia minora and labia majora

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7
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Egg cells (ova) and sex hormones

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8
Q

The capsule of the ovaries is called l??

A

The tunica albuginea

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9
Q

What is the interior of the ovary divided into?

A

A central medulla and an outer cortex

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10
Q

What makes up the central medulla of the ovaries?

A

A core of fibrous connective tissue occupied by the principal arteries and veins of the ovary

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11
Q

The cortex of the ovary is?

A

The site of the ovarian follicles, each of which contains one developing ovum surrounded by numerous small follicular cells

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12
Q

How are eggs released from the ovaries?

A

One at a time and by the bursting of the follicles.

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13
Q

What happens to the ovaries during the reproductive years?

A

They become more corrugated because growing follicles produce bulges in the surface

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14
Q

What happens to ovaries after menopause?

A

They are shrunken and composed mostly of scar tissue

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15
Q

What the 3 main functions of the ovaries?

A

1-Production of immature female gametes or oocytes.
2-Secretion of female sex hormones
3-Secretion of inhibin

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16
Q

What is inhibin involved in?

A

The feedback control of pituitary FSH production

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17
Q

Where in the ovary are gametes produced?

A

Cortex

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18
Q

What surrounds the primary oocyte in the outer cortex?

A

A single squamous layer of follicle cells

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19
Q

What part of the uterine tubes are next to ovary?

A

Infundibulum with feathery projections (fimbrae)

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20
Q

What part of the ovary is the ampulla?

A

The middle part

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21
Q

What cells are present in the epithelial lining of the uterine tubes?

A

Ciliated columnar cells with Scattered mucin-secreting cells

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22
Q

How are oocytes transported through uterine tubes?

A

By ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions of walls

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23
Q

What does the uterus provide for the foetus?

A

Protection, nutrition, removes waste from foetus and expels it at end of development

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24
Q

What is the structure at the top of the uterus called?

A

Fundus

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25
What is found at the bottom of The uterus?
The cervix
26
What is the structure between the uterus and vagina?
Cervical canal
27
What do the cervical glands secrete?
Mucus
28
What are the three layers of cells in the uterus?
Perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium on the inside
29
Where does cervical cancer begin?
Lower cervix epithelial cells
30
What does invasive cervical cancer mean?
Cancer has spread to subepithelial connective tissue where a hysterectomy is needed
31
How is a Pap smear carried out?
Loose cells are scraped from cervix and microscopically examined
32
What are the functions of the vagina?
It receives penis during intercourse, allows menstrual flow and childbirth
33
What makes up wall of vagina?
A smooth muscular layer
34
What does the inner mucous membrane of the vagina produce?
Lubricating secretions
35
How is female reproduction controlled?
Hormonal and nervous regulation
36
Development of reproductive organs and normal function depends on?
Relative levels of a number of hormones
37
What is the 1st menstrual bleed called?
Menarche
38
During puberty in females what is there enlargement of?
Vagina, uterus, uterine tubes and external genitalia
39
What changes does a girl go through during puberty
Breasts deposit fat and develop ducts, there is pubic and axillary hair growth, voice changes and development of a sexual drive
40
What hormones cause puberty?
Increased oestrogen and progesterone secretion by ovaries due to increased FSH and LH secretion which is caused by GnRH in hypothalamus
41
What are the hormones that control menstruation?
Oestrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH
42
What are the organs that control female reproductive hormones?
Hypothalamus releases GnRH which causes pituitary to release LH and FSH which causes ovaries to release inhibin, oestrogens and progesterone. Then ovaries feedback to pituitary and hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of FSH and GnRH
43
Why is the corpus luteum not destroyed when the egg of a female if fertilised?
The developing embryonic mass secretes Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) which prevents degeneration of corpus luteum
44
Why does menses not occur when egg of female is fertilised?
Because corpus luteum does not degenerate oestrogen and progesterone levels do not fall so menses does not occur
45
What day of menstrual cycle is there the highest concentration of FSH?
FSH has generally lowest conc. compared to others but peak is at days 12-13
46
What day of the menstrual cycle has the highest concentration of oestrogen?
Day 12
47
What days do the menstrual cycle has the highest concentration of LH?
12-13
48
What days of the menstrual cycle have the highest concentration of progesterone?
20-24
49
What does the secretion of GnRH in the hypothalamus lead to?
The production of FSH and LH in anterior pituitary
50
What does the FSH do in the ovary?
Goes to the growth of follicles and to maturation of one dominant follicle
51
Why is the corpus luteum not destroyed when the egg of a female if fertilised?
The developing embryonic mass secretes Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) which prevents degeneration of corpus luteum
52
Why does menses not occur when egg of female is fertilised?
Because corpus luteum does not degenerate oestrogen and progesterone levels do not fall so menses does not occur
53
What day of menstrual cycle is there the highest concentration of FSH?
FSH has generally lowest conc. compared to others but peak is at days 12-13
54
What day of the menstrual cycle has the highest concentration of oestrogen?
Day 12
55
What days do the menstrual cycle has the highest concentration of LH?
12-13
56
What days of the menstrual cycle have the highest concentration of progesterone?
20-24
57
What does the secretion of GnRH in the hypothalamus lead to?
The production of FSH and LH in anterior pituitary
58
What does the FSH do in the ovary?
Goes to the growth of follicles and to maturation of one dominant follicle
59
What does the growth of follicles and maturation of one dominant follicle cause in the ovary?
Increasing secretion is oestrogens and inhibin by granulosa cells. This contributes to the negative feedback system because moderate levels of oestrogens and inhibin inhibit secretion of FSH and LH
60
In the female reproductive hormone feedback system what does high levels of oestrogens without progesterone lead to?
Stimulates the release of GnRH and FSH and LH
61
When the LH is released from anterior pituitary and goes to the ovaries what is t involved in?
Maturation of one dominant follicle, ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
62
What does the formation of corpus luteum lead to?
Increased secretion of progesterone and oestrogens from cells of corpus luteum and increased secretion of inhibin which goes to inhibit secretion of FSH and LH
63
What does the formation of corpus albicans lead to?
There is no secretion o progesterone or oestrogens by corpus albicans so this enters feedback cycle to promote secretion of GnRH and FSH and LH
64
When the ovarian cycle is split into 3 stages what are the three stages?
Repair and proliferation of endometrium then preparation of endometrium for arrival of fertilised ovum then menstruation
65
How does the pill prevent pregnancy?
It’s provides synthetic oestrogen and progesterone so negatively feedbacks to pituitary to prevent release of LH and FSH, so no LH surge so no ovulation
66
What does the growth of follicles and maturation of one dominant follicle cause in the ovary?
Increasing secretion is oestrogens and inhibin by granulosa cells. This contributes to the negative feedback system because moderate levels of oestrogens and inhibin inhibit secretion of FSH and LH
67
In the female reproductive hormone feedback system what does high levels of oestrogens without progesterone lead to?
Stimulates the release of GnRH and FSH and LH
68
When the LH is released from anterior pituitary and goes to the ovaries what is t involved in?
Maturation of one dominant follicle, ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
69
What does the formation of corpus luteum lead to?
Increased secretion of progesterone and oestrogens from cells of corpus luteum and increased secretion of inhibin which goes to inhibit secretion of FSH and LH
70
What does the formation of corpus albicans lead to?
There is no secretion o progesterone or oestrogens by corpus albicans so this enters feedback cycle to promote secretion of GnRH and FSH and LH
71
What are the three stages of menstrual cycle?
Repair and proliferation of endometrium then preparation of endometrium for arrival of fertilised ovum then menstruation
72
How does the pill prevent pregnancy?
It’s provides synthetic oestrogen and progesterone so negatively feedbacks to pituitary to prevent release of LH and FSH, so no LH surge so no ovulation
73
What are the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle?
Follicular/ proliferative phase and luteal/ secretory phase

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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