Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, pharynx and associated structures

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2
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi and Lungs

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3
Q

What does nasal cavity do?

A

It warms, moisturises and filters air entering the body before it reaches the lungs

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4
Q

What does he pharynx do?

A

It is part of conducting zone that filters air and moves it to lungs

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5
Q

What are the structures responsible for warming, moisturising, filtering and moving air to the lungs?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

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6
Q

What structures in the respiratory system are shared with the sensory system?

A

Olfactory epithelium and orifice of auditory tube

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7
Q

What is the order of the branching of bronchial tree?

A

Trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchioles- terminal bronchioles

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8
Q

What are the 2 definitions of respiration?

A
  1. Utilisation of oxygen in the metabolism of organic molecules by cells
  2. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between and organism and the external environment
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9
Q

What are the 5 steps of respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Gas exchange
  3. Gas transport
  4. Gas exchange
  5. Cellular respiration
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10
Q

How does air move in and out of the lungs?

A

Because of the pressure differences.

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11
Q

What is inspiration?

A

Breathing in

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12
Q

What happens to diaphragm during inhalation?

A

It constricts causing dome to flatten

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13
Q

What are the muscles that elevate the ribs and sternum and increases size of thoracic cavity?

A

External intercostals, pectoralis Minot and scalenes

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14
Q

What are the muscles that depress ribs and sternum during expiration?

A

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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15
Q

What does atmospheric air pressure include?

A

760mm Hg

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16
Q

What is alveolar pressure at rest?

A

760mm Hg

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17
Q

What is alveolar pressure during inhalation?

A

758mm Hg

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18
Q

What is alveolar pressure during exhalation?

A

762mm Hg

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19
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

Space between lung and chest wall

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20
Q

What happens when pressure inside pleural cavity is less than pressure in alveoli?

A

Alveoli expand (normal)

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21
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

If air enters pleural cavity the pressure inside pleural cavity will be the same as the atmospheric pressure so alveoli do not expand and lungs collapse

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22
Q

Apart from pressure what are the 3 other factors that affects rate of pulmonary airflow?

A

Surface tension of alveolar fluid, lung compliance and airway resistance

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23
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Lipoprotein molecules in alveolar fluid that prevents alveoli collapsing by decreasing surface tension and allows lungs to expand

24
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

The effort required to stretch lungs and thoracic wall

25
What does high lung compliance mean?
Lung has easy expansion due to elasticity and surface tension
26
What would decrease lung compliance?
Scar tissue, fluid in lungs, deficiency of surfactant and impeded lung expansion (from paralysis of intercostal muscles)
27
What causes airway resistance to decrease?
The diameter of airways to increase
28
What are the 4 pulmonary volumes?
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, exploratory reserve volume and residual volume
29
What is the tidal volume?
The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal inspiration or exhalation
30
What is the inspiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume
31
What is the expiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air that can be expired forcefully after normal expiration
32
What is the residual volume?
The still volume of still remaining air in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration
33
What is the tidal volume in ml?
Around 500ml
34
What is the inspiratory reserve volume in mls?
Around 3100 mls
35
What is the expiratory reserve volume in mls?
Around 1200 mls
36
What is the residual volume in mls?
Around 1200 mls
37
What are the pulmonary capacities?
Inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity and total lung capacity
38
What is the inspiratory capacity?
The tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume. The max amount that can be inspired after normal expiration
39
What is the functional residual capacity?
Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. The amount remaining in lungs after normal expiration
40
What is the vital capacity?
The inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume. The max someone can expel after max inspiration
41
What is the total lung capacity?
Combination of all 4 pulmonary volumes
42
What is the inspiratory capacity in mls?
Around 3600 mls
43
What is the functional residual capacity in mls?
Around 2400mls
44
What is the vital capacity in mls?
Around 4800 mls
45
What is the total lung capacity in mls?
Around 6000 mls
46
What is spirometry?
The process of measuring volumes of air that move in and out of respiratory system
47
What is the vital capacity?
The inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume. The max someone can expel after max inspiration
48
What is the total lung capacity?
Combination of all 4 pulmonary volumes
49
What is the inspiratory capacity in mls?
Around 3600 mls
50
What is the functional residual capacity in mls?
Around 2400mls
51
What is the vital capacity in mls?
Around 4800 mls
52
What is the total lung capacity in mls?
Around 6000 mls
53
What is spirometry?
The process of measuring volumes of air that move in and out of respiratory system
54
What happens to the bronchiole in asthma?
They become constricted due to contracted smooth muscles, excessive mucus secretion and swollen mucus membrane
55
What is emphysema?
Destruction of alveoli to form large air cysts
56
What conditions can a spirometer indicate?
Asthma, lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema and scoliosis