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Anatomy And Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, pharynx and associated structures

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2
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi and Lungs

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3
Q

What does nasal cavity do?

A

It warms, moisturises and filters air entering the body before it reaches the lungs

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4
Q

What does he pharynx do?

A

It is part of conducting zone that filters air and moves it to lungs

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5
Q

What are the structures responsible for warming, moisturising, filtering and moving air to the lungs?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

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6
Q

What structures in the respiratory system are shared with the sensory system?

A

Olfactory epithelium and orifice of auditory tube

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7
Q

What is the order of the branching of bronchial tree?

A

Trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchioles- terminal bronchioles

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8
Q

What are the 2 definitions of respiration?

A
  1. Utilisation of oxygen in the metabolism of organic molecules by cells
  2. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between and organism and the external environment
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9
Q

What are the 5 steps of respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Gas exchange
  3. Gas transport
  4. Gas exchange
  5. Cellular respiration
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10
Q

How does air move in and out of the lungs?

A

Because of the pressure differences.

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11
Q

What is inspiration?

A

Breathing in

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12
Q

What happens to diaphragm during inhalation?

A

It constricts causing dome to flatten

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13
Q

What are the muscles that elevate the ribs and sternum and increases size of thoracic cavity?

A

External intercostals, pectoralis Minot and scalenes

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14
Q

What are the muscles that depress ribs and sternum during expiration?

A

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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15
Q

What does atmospheric air pressure include?

A

760mm Hg

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16
Q

What is alveolar pressure at rest?

A

760mm Hg

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17
Q

What is alveolar pressure during inhalation?

A

758mm Hg

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18
Q

What is alveolar pressure during exhalation?

A

762mm Hg

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19
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

Space between lung and chest wall

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20
Q

What happens when pressure inside pleural cavity is less than pressure in alveoli?

A

Alveoli expand (normal)

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21
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

If air enters pleural cavity the pressure inside pleural cavity will be the same as the atmospheric pressure so alveoli do not expand and lungs collapse

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22
Q

Apart from pressure what are the 3 other factors that affects rate of pulmonary airflow?

A

Surface tension of alveolar fluid, lung compliance and airway resistance

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23
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Lipoprotein molecules in alveolar fluid that prevents alveoli collapsing by decreasing surface tension and allows lungs to expand

24
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

The effort required to stretch lungs and thoracic wall

25
Q

What does high lung compliance mean?

A

Lung has easy expansion due to elasticity and surface tension

26
Q

What would decrease lung compliance?

A

Scar tissue, fluid in lungs, deficiency of surfactant and impeded lung expansion (from paralysis of intercostal muscles)

27
Q

What causes airway resistance to decrease?

A

The diameter of airways to increase

28
Q

What are the 4 pulmonary volumes?

A

Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, exploratory reserve volume and residual volume

29
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal inspiration or exhalation

30
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume

31
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air that can be expired forcefully after normal expiration

32
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The still volume of still remaining air in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration

33
Q

What is the tidal volume in ml?

A

Around 500ml

34
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume in mls?

A

Around 3100 mls

35
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume in mls?

A

Around 1200 mls

36
Q

What is the residual volume in mls?

A

Around 1200 mls

37
Q

What are the pulmonary capacities?

A

Inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity and total lung capacity

38
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity?

A

The tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume. The max amount that can be inspired after normal expiration

39
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. The amount remaining in lungs after normal expiration

40
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume. The max someone can expel after max inspiration

41
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

Combination of all 4 pulmonary volumes

42
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity in mls?

A

Around 3600 mls

43
Q

What is the functional residual capacity in mls?

A

Around 2400mls

44
Q

What is the vital capacity in mls?

A

Around 4800 mls

45
Q

What is the total lung capacity in mls?

A

Around 6000 mls

46
Q

What is spirometry?

A

The process of measuring volumes of air that move in and out of respiratory system

47
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume. The max someone can expel after max inspiration

48
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

Combination of all 4 pulmonary volumes

49
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity in mls?

A

Around 3600 mls

50
Q

What is the functional residual capacity in mls?

A

Around 2400mls

51
Q

What is the vital capacity in mls?

A

Around 4800 mls

52
Q

What is the total lung capacity in mls?

A

Around 6000 mls

53
Q

What is spirometry?

A

The process of measuring volumes of air that move in and out of respiratory system

54
Q

What happens to the bronchiole in asthma?

A

They become constricted due to contracted smooth muscles, excessive mucus secretion and swollen mucus membrane

55
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Destruction of alveoli to form large air cysts

56
Q

What conditions can a spirometer indicate?

A

Asthma, lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema and scoliosis

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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