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Anatomy And Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What does haemostasis mean?

A

Stops bleeding

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2
Q

What is circulation time?

A

Time for a drop of blood to pass from right atrium through pulmonary circulation, back to left atrium, through systemic circulation down to foot and back to right atrium. At rest it take about 1 minute

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3
Q

What order does blood flow through CVS?

A

Veins- heart - arteries

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4
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Double-walled sac enclosing heart, to isolate and give room for expansion and to resist compression

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5
Q

Why does the pericardial cavity contain fluid?

A

It lubricates for heart to beat without friction

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6
Q

What is the layer of the sac that covers the heart?

A

Visceral pericardium

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7
Q

What is the outer layer of the sac that covers the heart?

A

Parietal pericardium

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8
Q

What does fluid within pericardium cause?

A

Cardiac tamponade

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9
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Compression of heart by abnormal accumulation of fluid on pericardial cavity

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Outer epicardium, middle myocardium and the inner endocardium

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11
Q

What is the epicardium made out of?

A

Visceral pericardium of simple squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Thickest layer made of cardiac muscle

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13
Q

What makes up the endocardium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium that forms the inner lining of the chamber

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14
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton?

A

Dense connective tissue of heart, surrounding valves and forms foundation to which heart valves are attached

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15
Q

What structure prevents over-stretching of valves?

A

Fibrous skeleton

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16
Q

What 3 veins does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

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17
Q

What is the RA and LA separated by?

A

Interatrial septum

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18
Q

Where does blood to go from RA?

A

To RV through tricuspid valve (R atrioventricular valve)

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19
Q

Where does blood go to from RV?

A

Leaves heart through pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary trunk (large artery) and then to either left or right pulmonary artery

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20
Q

What order does blood flow through CVS?

A

Veins- heart - arteries

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21
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Double-walled sac enclosing heart, to isolate and give room for expansion and to resist compression

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22
Q

Why does the pericardial cavity contain fluid?

A

It lubricates for heart to beat without friction

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23
Q

What is the layer of the sac that covers the heart?

A

Visceral pericardium

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24
Q

What is the outer layer of the sac that covers the heart?

A

Parietal pericardium

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25
Q

What does fluid within pericardium cause?

A

Cardiac tamponade

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26
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Compression of heart by abnormal accumulation of fluid on pericardial cavity

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27
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Outer epicardium, middle myocardium and the inner endocardium

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28
Q

What is the epicardium made out of?

A

Visceral pericardium of simple squamous epithelium

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29
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Thickest layer made of cardiac muscle

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30
Q

What makes up the endocardium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium that forms the inner lining of the chamber

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31
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton?

A

Dense connective tissue of heart, surrounding valves and forms foundation to which heart valves are attached

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32
Q

What structure prevents over-stretching of valves?

A

Fibrous skeleton

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33
Q

What 3 veins does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

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34
Q

What is the RA and LA separated by?

A

Interatrial septum

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35
Q

Where does blood to go from RA?

A

To RV through tricuspid valve (R atrioventricular valve)

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36
Q

Where does blood go to from RV?

A

Leaves heart through pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary trunk (large artery) and then to either left or right pulmonary artery

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37
Q

Where does blood go to from LA?

A

Through bicuspid ( L atrioventricular valve) to LV. Then blood leaves heart through aortic semilunar valve to aorta (largest artery of body) and goes to either coronary arteries or arch of aorta to body

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38
Q

What do heart valves do?

A

Ensures 1-way flow of blood

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39
Q

What do AV valves involve?

A

Chordae tendineae (strings of connective tissue) and papillary muscle

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40
Q

What are the 3 layers of walls of arteries and veins?

A

Tunica interna/intima, tunica media and tunica externa/adventitia

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41
Q

What percentage of circulating blood does heart use in coronary circulation to meet its own demands?

A

5%

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42
Q

What can fatty deposits or blood clots lead to?

A

MI which is a sudden death of patch of tissue as it is deprived of blood flow

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43
Q

What is a heart bypass?

A

Rerouting blood around clogged coronary arteries

44
Q

How do anastomoses protect against MI?

A

Union of branches of 2 or more arteries supplying same region so there is an alternative route is blocked

45
Q

Why does the heart continuously beat?

A

Due to an inherent and rhythmical electrical activity

46
Q

Do veins have more or less bp than arteries?

A

Less

47
Q

What is the source of stimulation for the heart?

A

Network of specialised cardiac muscle fibres called autorhythmic cells because they are self-excitable. They repeatedly generate spontaneous action potentials that trigger heart contractions

48
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Electrical signal along membrane of muscle fibre (rapid change in membrane potential involves depolarisation followed by polarisation)

49
Q

What effect to nerve impulses from autonomic nervous system and blood-borne hormones have on heartbeat?

A

They modify it but do not establish the fundamental rhythm

50
Q

What do autorhythmic cells do?

A

Act as pacemaker setting rhythm for entire heart
Form conduction system
Are found in specific locations

51
Q

How can hormones and neurotransmitters speed or slow pacing of heart?

A

By SA node fibres

52
Q

What effects does acetyl choline from parasympathetic division of ANS have on AP/min of a person at rest?

A

Decreases AP/min from 90-11 to 75

53
Q

Where is ectopic pacemaker site?

A

Outwith SA node

54
Q

What does ectopic pacemaker site do?

A

If abnormal self-excitability develops it can produce extra beats or pace heart for some period of time

55
Q

What can trigger ectopic pacemaker site to kick in?

A

Caffeine and nicotine
Electrolyte imbalances
Hypoxia
Toxic reactions to drugs

56
Q

What component of the conduction system contains pacemaking cells that establish heart rate?

A

The SA node

57
Q

Where is the SA node?

A

Embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium

58
Q

Where is the AV node?

A

Within the floor of the right atrium near the opening of the coronary sinus

59
Q

How can hormones and neurotransmitters speed or slow pacing of heart?

A

By SA node fibres

60
Q

What effects does acetyl choline from parasympathetic division of ANS have on AP/min of a person at rest?

A

Decreases AP/min from 90-11 to 75

61
Q

Where is ectopic pacemaker site?

A

Outwith SA node

62
Q

What does ectopic pacemaker site do?

A

If abnormal self-excitability develops it can produce extra beats or pace heart for some period of time

63
Q

What can trigger ectopic pacemaker site to kick in?

A

Caffeine and nicotine
Electrolyte imbalances
Hypoxia
Toxic reactions to drugs

64
Q

What component of the conduction system contains pacemaking cells that establish heart rate?

A

The SA node

65
Q

Where is the SA node?

A

Embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium

66
Q

Where is the AV node?

A

Within the floor of the right atrium near the opening of the coronary sinus

67
Q

What is normally the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles?

A

Bundle of His

68
Q

What is tetanus?

A

Maintained contraction

69
Q

What would happen is tetanus occurred in cardiac muscle?

A

Blood flow would cease

70
Q

How come tetanus does not occur in cardiac muscle?

A

Because of refractory period with is the time interval during which a 2nd contraction cannot be triggered. In cardiac muscle it lasts longer than contraction itself

71
Q

In ventricular action potentials what does depolarisation lead to?

A

Contraction

72
Q

In ventricular action potentials what does depolarisation lead to?

A

Relaxation

73
Q

What happens when Na enters the cell?

A

Depolarisation

74
Q

What happens when Ca enters the cell?

A

Initiation of contraction

75
Q

What happens when K exits the cell?

A

Repolarisation

76
Q

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

Recording of electrical changes that accompany AP propagation that can be detected at surface of body

77
Q

What are the 3 states an ECG can be taken at?

A

Resting, stress or ambulatory

78
Q

What does an ECG do?

A

Amplifies heart electrical activity. Compares records with different places in the body and with normal recordings to determine is conduction pathway is abnormal, if heart is enlarged and if certain regions are damaged

79
Q

Is P wave on electrocardiograph is larger what does that mean?

A

Enlarged atrium of heart

80
Q

If Q on electrocardiograph is enlarged what does this mean?

A

MI

81
Q

If R on electrocardiograph is enlarged what does this mean?

A

Enlarged ventricles

82
Q

If T in electrocardiograph if flatter what does this mean?

A

Insufficient oxygen eg. Coronary artery disease

83
Q

If P-W interval on electrocardiograph is lengthened what does his mean?

A

Scar tissue either from coronary artery disease or rheumatic fever is present

84
Q

Is S-T segment of electrocardiograph is elevated what does this mean?

A

Acute MI

85
Q

Is S-T segment of electrocardiograph is depressed what does this mean?

A

Insufficient oxygen

86
Q

If Q-T interval of electrocardiograph is lengthened what Dow this mean?

A

Myocardial damage or coronary ischaemia or conduction abnormalities

87
Q

What is long Q-T syndrome?

A

Rare genetic problem where there is a repolarisation abnormality so individual is prone to very rapid heart beats therefore poor supply of oxygen to the brain

88
Q

How do beta-blockers work?

A

Block beta receptors and decrease electrical impulse that passes through AV node and prevents sudden increase in heart rate

89
Q

How does a defibrillator work?

A

Depolarises entire myocardium simultaneously then hopefully after repolarisation the SA node will be 1st to reach threshold

90
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

Irregular heart rhythm as defect in conduction system

91
Q

What are causes of arrhythmia?

A

Caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, drugs, anxiety, hyperthyroidism, K deficiency and certain heart diseases

92
Q

What are 4 examples of arrhythmia?

A

Heart block, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation

93
Q

What is heart block?

A

Conduction system slowed or blocked at AV node

94
Q

What is atrial flutter?

A

Abnormal rapid atrial contraction

95
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Asynchronous contraction of atrial fibres this chamber fails to pump blood as effectively

96
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Quick death as blood is not ejected from ventricles

97
Q

What is long Q-T syndrome?

A

Rare genetic problem where there is a repolarisation abnormality so individual is prone to very rapid heart beats therefore poor supply of oxygen to the brain

98
Q

How do beta-blockers work?

A

Block beta receptors and decrease electrical impulse that passes through AV node and prevents sudden increase in heart rate

99
Q

How does a defibrillator work?

A

Depolarises entire myocardium simultaneously then hopefully after repolarisation the SA node will be 1st to reach threshold

100
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

Irregular heart rhythm as defect in conduction system

101
Q

What are causes of arrhythmia?

A

Caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, drugs, anxiety, hyperthyroidism, K deficiency and certain heart diseases

102
Q

What are 4 examples of arrhythmia?

A

Heart block, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation

103
Q

What is heart block?

A

Conduction system slowed or blocked at AV node

104
Q

What is atrial flutter?

A

Abnormal rapid atrial contraction

105
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Asynchronous contraction of atrial fibres this chamber fails to pump blood as effectively

106
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Quick death as blood is not ejected from ventricles

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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